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Multiple osteochondromas: mutation update and description of the multiple osteochondromas mutation database (MOdb). 2009

Ivy Jennes, and Elena Pedrini, and Monia Zuntini, and Marina Mordenti, and Sahila Balkassmi, and Carla G Asteggiano, and Brett Casey, and Bert Bakker, and Luca Sangiorgi, and Wim Wuyts
Department of Medical Genetics, University and University Hospital of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.

Multiple osteochondromas (MO) is an autosomal dominant skeletal disease characterized by the formation of multiple cartilage-capped bone tumors growing outward from the metaphyses of long tubular bones. MO is genetically heterogeneous, and is associated with mutations in Exostosin-1 (EXT1) or Exostosin-2 (EXT2), both tumor-suppressor genes of the EXT gene family. All members of this multigene family encode glycosyltransferases involved in the adhesion and/or polymerization of heparin sulfate (HS) chains at HS proteoglycans (HSPGs). HSPGs have been shown to play a role in the diffusion of Ihh, thereby regulating chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation. EXT1 is located at 8q24.11-q24.13, and comprises 11 exons, whereas the 16 exon EXT2 is located at 11p12-p11. To date, an EXT1 or EXT2 mutation is detected in 70-95% of affected individuals. EXT1 mutations are detected in +/-65% of cases, versus +/-35% EXT2 mutations in MO patient cohorts. Inactivating mutations (nonsense, frame shift, and splice-site mutations) represent the majority of MO causing mutations (75-80%). In this article, the clinical aspects and molecular genetics of EXT1 and EXT2 are reviewed together with 895 variants in MO patients. An overview of the reported variants is provided by the online Multiple Osteochondromas Mutation Database (http://medgen.ua.ac.be/LOVD).

UI MeSH Term Description Entries
D009154 Mutation Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations. Mutations
D004195 Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases. Animal Disease Model,Animal Disease Models,Disease Model, Animal
D005097 Exostoses, Multiple Hereditary Hereditary disorder transmitted by an autosomal dominant gene and characterized by multiple exostoses (multiple osteochondromas) near the ends of long bones. The genetic abnormality results in a defect in the osteoclastic activity at the metaphyseal ends of the bone during the remodeling process in childhood or early adolescence. The metaphyses develop benign, bony outgrowths often capped by cartilage. A small number undergo neoplastic transformation. Chondrodysplasia, Hereditary Deforming,Diaphyseal Aclasis,Exostoses, Familial,Exostoses, Hereditary Multiple,Exostoses, Multiple,Exostoses, Multiple Cartilaginous,Hereditary Multiple Exostoses,Osteochondromas, Multiple,Bessel-Hagen Disease,Exostoses, Multiple, Type I,Exostosis, Familial,Exostosis, Hereditary Multiple,Exostosis, Multiple,Exostosis, Multiple Cartilaginous,Familial Exostoses,Hereditary Multiple Exostosis,Multiple Cartilaginous Exostoses,Multiple Hereditary Exostoses,Multiple Osteochondromas,Multiple Osteochondromatosis,Aclases, Diaphyseal,Aclasis, Diaphyseal,Cartilaginous Exostoses, Multiple,Cartilaginous Exostosis, Multiple,Chondrodysplasias, Hereditary Deforming,Deforming Chondrodysplasia, Hereditary,Deforming Chondrodysplasias, Hereditary,Diaphyseal Aclases,Familial Exostosis,Hereditary Deforming Chondrodysplasia,Hereditary Deforming Chondrodysplasias,Hereditary Exostoses, Multiple,Multiple Cartilaginous Exostosis,Multiple Exostoses,Multiple Exostoses, Hereditary,Multiple Exostosis,Multiple Exostosis, Hereditary,Multiple Osteochondroma,Osteochondroma, Multiple
D006801 Humans Members of the species Homo sapiens. Homo sapiens,Man (Taxonomy),Human,Man, Modern,Modern Man
D000818 Animals Unicellular or multicellular, heterotrophic organisms, that have sensation and the power of voluntary movement. Under the older five kingdom paradigm, Animalia was one of the kingdoms. Under the modern three domain model, Animalia represents one of the many groups in the domain EUKARYOTA. Animal,Metazoa,Animalia
D020641 Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide A single nucleotide variation in a genetic sequence that occurs at appreciable frequency in the population. SNPs,Single Nucleotide Polymorphism,Nucleotide Polymorphism, Single,Nucleotide Polymorphisms, Single,Polymorphisms, Single Nucleotide,Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms
D030541 Databases, Genetic Databases devoted to knowledge about specific genes and gene products. Genetic Databases,Genetic Sequence Databases,OMIM,Online Mendelian Inheritance In Man,Genetic Data Banks,Genetic Data Bases,Genetic Databanks,Genetic Information Databases,Bank, Genetic Data,Banks, Genetic Data,Data Bank, Genetic,Data Banks, Genetic,Data Base, Genetic,Data Bases, Genetic,Databank, Genetic,Databanks, Genetic,Database, Genetic,Database, Genetic Information,Database, Genetic Sequence,Databases, Genetic Information,Databases, Genetic Sequence,Genetic Data Bank,Genetic Data Base,Genetic Databank,Genetic Database,Genetic Information Database,Genetic Sequence Database,Information Database, Genetic,Information Databases, Genetic,Sequence Database, Genetic,Sequence Databases, Genetic

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