Biomaterial Database

[Afferent pupillary disorders in postchiasmal lesions of the visual pathways]. 2009

K Skorkovská, and H Wilhelm

Augenklinik, St. Anne Universitätskrankenhaus, Brno, Tschechien. skorka@centrum.cz

Classically, the pupillary pathway is considered as a simple reflex arc comprising retinal ganglion cells, midbrain interneurons, oculomotor nerve and short ciliary nerves. However, there are some specialties in the construction of the pupillary pathways that have to be kept in mind when dealing with diseases involving pupillary disorders. This may help to localise lesions. Additionally, studies in patients with lesions of the retrogeniculate pathways have shown that pupillary disorders are possible even with lesions not involving the classical reflex arc. The pupil is therefore not only controlled subcortically, some components are influenced by the visual cortex. The aim of this article is to clarify various findings and terms such as relative afferent pupillary defect and pupillary hemihypokinesia.

UI	MeSH Term	Description	Entries
D007395	Interneurons	Most generally any NEURONS which are not motor or sensory. Interneurons may also refer to neurons whose AXONS remain within a particular brain region in contrast to projection neurons, which have axons projecting to other brain regions.	Intercalated Neurons,Intercalated Neuron,Interneuron,Neuron, Intercalated,Neurons, Intercalated
D008636	Mesencephalon	The middle of the three primitive cerebral vesicles of the embryonic brain. Without further subdivision, midbrain develops into a short, constricted portion connecting the PONS and the DIENCEPHALON. Midbrain contains two major parts, the dorsal TECTUM MESENCEPHALI and the ventral TEGMENTUM MESENCEPHALI, housing components of auditory, visual, and other sensorimoter systems.	Midbrain,Mesencephalons,Midbrains
D009802	Oculomotor Nerve	The 3d cranial nerve. The oculomotor nerve sends motor fibers to the levator muscles of the eyelid and to the superior rectus, inferior rectus, and inferior oblique muscles of the eye. It also sends parasympathetic efferents (via the ciliary ganglion) to the muscles controlling pupillary constriction and accommodation. The motor fibers originate in the oculomotor nuclei of the midbrain.	Cranial Nerve III,Third Cranial Nerve,Nerve III,Nervus Oculomotorius,Cranial Nerve IIIs,Cranial Nerve, Third,Cranial Nerves, Third,Nerve IIIs,Nerve, Oculomotor,Nerve, Third Cranial,Nerves, Oculomotor,Nerves, Third Cranial,Oculomotor Nerves,Oculomotorius, Nervus,Third Cranial Nerves
D009897	Optic Chiasm	The X-shaped structure formed by the meeting of the two optic nerves. At the optic chiasm the fibers from the medial part of each retina cross to project to the other side of the brain while the lateral retinal fibers continue on the same side. As a result each half of the brain receives information about the contralateral visual field from both eyes.	Chiasma Opticum,Optic Chiasma,Optic Decussation,Chiasm, Optic,Chiasma Opticums,Chiasma, Optic,Chiasmas, Optic,Chiasms, Optic,Decussation, Optic,Decussations, Optic,Optic Chiasmas,Optic Chiasms,Optic Decussations,Opticum, Chiasma,Opticums, Chiasma
D009900	Optic Nerve	The 2nd cranial nerve which conveys visual information from the RETINA to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the RETINAL GANGLION CELLS which sort at the OPTIC CHIASM and continue via the OPTIC TRACTS to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other targets include the SUPERIOR COLLICULI and the SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEI. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.	Cranial Nerve II,Second Cranial Nerve,Nervus Opticus,Cranial Nerve, Second,Cranial Nerves, Second,Nerve, Optic,Nerve, Second Cranial,Nerves, Optic,Nerves, Second Cranial,Optic Nerves,Second Cranial Nerves
D011681	Pupil Disorders	Conditions which affect the structure or function of the pupil of the eye, including disorders of innervation to the pupillary constrictor or dilator muscles, and disorders of pupillary reflexes.	Afferent Pupillary Defect,Efferent Pupillary Defect,Marcus-Gunn Pupil,Pupil Reaction Absent,Pupillary Functions, Abnormal,Deformed Pupil,Ectopic Pupil,Fixed Pupils,Keyhole Pupil,Non-Syphilitic Argyll-Robertson Pupil,Occluded Pupils,Pupil Malformations,Pupillary Anomaly,Pupillary Disorders,Pupillary Occlusion,Pupillary Paralysis,Pupillary Sector Paralysis,Pupillary Sphincter Rupture,Sector Pupil Palsy,Wernicke Hemianopic Pupil,Wernicke's Hemianopic Pupil,Abnormal Pupillary Function,Abnormal Pupillary Functions,Afferent Pupillary Defects,Anomalies, Pupillary,Anomaly, Pupillary,Argyll-Robertson Pupil, Non-Syphilitic,Deformed Pupils,Ectopic Pupils,Efferent Pupillary Defects,Fixed Pupil,Hemianopic Pupil, Wernicke,Hemianopic Pupil, Wernicke's,Keyhole Pupils,Malformation, Pupil,Malformations, Pupil,Marcus Gunn Pupil,Non Syphilitic Argyll Robertson Pupil,Occluded Pupil,Occlusion, Pupillary,Occlusions, Pupillary,Paralyses, Pupillary,Paralyses, Pupillary Sector,Paralysis, Pupillary,Paralysis, Pupillary Sector,Pupil Disorder,Pupil Malformation,Pupil, Deformed,Pupil, Ectopic,Pupil, Fixed,Pupil, Keyhole,Pupil, Marcus-Gunn,Pupil, Non-Syphilitic Argyll-Robertson,Pupil, Occluded,Pupil, Wernicke Hemianopic,Pupil, Wernicke's Hemianopic,Pupillary Anomalies,Pupillary Defect, Afferent,Pupillary Defect, Efferent,Pupillary Defects, Afferent,Pupillary Defects, Efferent,Pupillary Disorder,Pupillary Function, Abnormal,Pupillary Occlusions,Pupillary Paralyses,Pupillary Sector Paralyses,Pupillary Sphincter Ruptures,Pupils, Deformed,Pupils, Ectopic,Pupils, Fixed,Pupils, Keyhole,Pupils, Occluded,Reaction Absent, Pupil,Reaction Absents, Pupil,Rupture, Pupillary Sphincter,Ruptures, Pupillary Sphincter,Sector Paralyses, Pupillary,Sector Paralysis, Pupillary,Sphincter Rupture, Pupillary,Sphincter Ruptures, Pupillary,Wernickes Hemianopic Pupil
D012025	Reflex, Pupillary	Constriction of the pupil in response to light stimulation of the retina. It refers also to any reflex involving the iris, with resultant alteration of the diameter of the pupil. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)	Pupillary Reflex
D006801	Humans	Members of the species Homo sapiens.	Homo sapiens,Man (Taxonomy),Human,Man, Modern,Modern Man
D000344	Afferent Pathways	Nerve structures through which impulses are conducted from a peripheral part toward a nerve center.	Afferent Pathway,Pathway, Afferent,Pathways, Afferent
D012165	Retinal Ganglion Cells	Neurons of the innermost layer of the retina, the internal plexiform layer. They are of variable sizes and shapes, and their axons project via the OPTIC NERVE to the brain. A small subset of these cells act as photoreceptors with projections to the SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEUS, the center for regulating CIRCADIAN RHYTHM.	Cell, Retinal Ganglion,Cells, Retinal Ganglion,Ganglion Cell, Retinal,Ganglion Cells, Retinal,Retinal Ganglion Cell