Biomaterial Database

[Chronic renal complications induced by lithium]. 2009

V Le Roy, and Y Delmas, and H Verdoux

Université Victor-Segalen Bordeaux-2, Bordeaux, France.

BACKGROUND After 40 years of use of lithium in the treatment of mood disorders, the renal risks associated with the long-term exposure to lithium are better known. OBJECTIVE This review is aimed at summarizing the information available in the literature regarding the impact of lithium on renal structure and function, the prevalence of renal abnormalities, the associated risk-factors and the strategy for their identification and management. METHODS Articles were selected using a Medline search. The keywords were lithium, renal function, kidney, nephrotoxicity, renal insufficiency, side-effects, polyuria, diabetes insipidus and drug monitoring. RESULTS A well-recognized adverse effect of lithium exposure is the occurrence of nephrotic diabetes insipidus (NDI) resulting in polyuria and polydipsia, which occurs in 20% of the patients on long-term lithium treatment. This side-effect is linked to a deficit in urine concentrating ability. Its occurrence is associated with the duration of lithium therapy. Although this effect of lithium is initially functional and may disappear if the treatment is rapidly stopped, it may become structural and permanent over time. The decision to stop lithium or to treat the NDI with amiloride is mainly based upon its functional impact. CONCLUSIONS A debate has been ongoing for decades regarding whether or not the long-term use of lithium may cause slowly progressive renal failure. According to the recent literature, progressive renal failure occurs in approximately 20% of the patients on long-term lithium treatment, among whom a few develop severe renal insufficiency due to lithium (possibly in conjunction with other somatic factors) in the form of interstitial nephritis. However, there is an increasing number of reports of patients requiring dialysis after long-term exposure to lithium. CONCLUSIONS Current recommended strategies for minimising the renal side effects of lithium include: avoiding acute episodes of renal toxicity; monitoring serum lithium concentrations in order to achieve optimal efficacy at the lowest possible concentrations; monitoring serum creatinine levels at least on a yearly basis, with discontinuation of lithium use, discussion with a nephrologist if creatinine clearance decreases below 60 ml/mn; and the possible application of lithium into single daily dose.

UI	MeSH Term	Description	Entries
D007213	Indomethacin	A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.	Amuno,Indocid,Indocin,Indomet 140,Indometacin,Indomethacin Hydrochloride,Metindol,Osmosin
D007676	Kidney Failure, Chronic	The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.	ESRD,End-Stage Renal Disease,Renal Disease, End-Stage,Renal Failure, Chronic,Renal Failure, End-Stage,Chronic Kidney Failure,End-Stage Kidney Disease,Chronic Renal Failure,Disease, End-Stage Kidney,Disease, End-Stage Renal,End Stage Kidney Disease,End Stage Renal Disease,End-Stage Renal Failure,Kidney Disease, End-Stage,Renal Disease, End Stage,Renal Failure, End Stage
D007677	Kidney Function Tests	Laboratory tests used to evaluate how well the kidneys are working through examination of blood and urine.	Function Test, Kidney,Function Tests, Kidney,Kidney Function Test,Test, Kidney Function,Tests, Kidney Function
D008134	Long-Term Care	Care over an extended period, usually for a chronic condition or disability, requiring periodic, intermittent, or continuous care.	Care, Long-Term,Long Term Care
D009404	Nephrotic Syndrome	A condition characterized by severe PROTEINURIA, greater than 3.5 g/day in an average adult. The substantial loss of protein in the urine results in complications such as HYPOPROTEINEMIA; generalized EDEMA; HYPERTENSION; and HYPERLIPIDEMIAS. Diseases associated with nephrotic syndrome generally cause chronic kidney dysfunction.	Childhood Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome,Frequently Relapsing Nephrotic Syndrome,Multi-Drug Resistant Nephrotic Syndrome,Pediatric Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome,Steroid-Dependent Nephrotic Syndrome,Steroid-Resistant Nephrotic Syndrome,Steroid-Sensitive Nephrotic Syndrome,Multi Drug Resistant Nephrotic Syndrome,Nephrotic Syndrome, Steroid-Dependent,Nephrotic Syndrome, Steroid-Resistant,Nephrotic Syndrome, Steroid-Sensitive,Nephrotic Syndromes,Steroid Dependent Nephrotic Syndrome,Steroid Resistant Nephrotic Syndrome,Steroid Sensitive Nephrotic Syndrome,Steroid-Dependent Nephrotic Syndromes,Steroid-Resistant Nephrotic Syndromes,Steroid-Sensitive Nephrotic Syndromes,Syndrome, Nephrotic,Syndrome, Steroid-Sensitive Nephrotic
D011188	Potassium	An element in the alkali group of metals with an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte that plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.
D004232	Diuretics	Agents that promote the excretion of urine through their effects on kidney function.	Diuretic,Diuretic Effect,Diuretic Effects,Effect, Diuretic,Effects, Diuretic
D004305	Dose-Response Relationship, Drug	The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.	Dose Response Relationship, Drug,Dose-Response Relationships, Drug,Drug Dose-Response Relationship,Drug Dose-Response Relationships,Relationship, Drug Dose-Response,Relationships, Drug Dose-Response
D004359	Drug Therapy, Combination	Therapy with two or more separate preparations given for a combined effect.	Combination Chemotherapy,Polychemotherapy,Chemotherapy, Combination,Combination Drug Therapy,Drug Polytherapy,Therapy, Combination Drug,Chemotherapies, Combination,Combination Chemotherapies,Combination Drug Therapies,Drug Polytherapies,Drug Therapies, Combination,Polychemotherapies,Polytherapies, Drug,Polytherapy, Drug,Therapies, Combination Drug
D006801	Humans	Members of the species Homo sapiens.	Homo sapiens,Man (Taxonomy),Human,Man, Modern,Modern Man