OBJECTIVE To review the application and outcome of endoscopic injection therapy for vesicoureteric reflux in regard to its evolution over the past two decades. METHODS Review articles, original reports and abstracts pertaining to endoscopic injection therapy were obtained through a PubMed search of English, German and French publications from 1981 to 2001. METHODS A total of 46 studies were selected. Four were selected to support basic concepts in the management of vesicoureteric reflux, and the remainder pertained specifically to endoscopic injection therapy for vesicoureteric reflux. METHODS The reports were analyzed with focus on the physical properties of the biomaterial injected, results of treatment in regard to the cure of vesicoureteric reflux, duration of cure, and possible adverse effects and clinical benefits engendered by the use of injectable materials. RESULTS Endoscopic injection therapy successfully cures vesicoureteric reflux in 60% to 80% of cases. Success rates are higher with particulate materials (Teflon and Macroplastique) than with bovine collagen or autologous chondrocytes. Long term data regarding cure are scant. Although concerns about particulate migration and autoimmune disease exist, these have not been borne out of clinical experience. Endoscopic injection may be accomplished on an outpatient basis, with less morbidity than with open ureteroneocystostomy. CONCLUSIONS Endoscopic injection therapy should be offered as an alternative treatment in patients with indications to consider ureteroneocystotomy, but should not change the indications for surgical intervention. The ideal biomaterial for injection has yet to be developed, but the field of autologous tissue engineering holds promise for future development.