Reproductive aging in female mammals is characterized by a progressive decline in fertility and fecundity. Many women delay their first full-term pregnancy until an age at which their reproductive potential has already declined. No treatment is presently available to delay the aging process. In a limited number of rodent species, caloric restriction sustained reproductive function in older females, and in most investigations, sexual maturation was delayed because caloric restriction was initiated at weaning. We have previously reported similar outcomes in female Siberian hamsters that were reared in short photoperiod (SP), which profoundly inhibits reproductive physiology. When compared to hamsters held in long photoperiod (LP), females reared in SP matured much later and had greater reproductive success at 9 mo of age. Herein, we determined if delayed onset of sexual maturation was necessary for SP to decelerate reproductive aging. We initiated a 6-mo period of SP before or after sexual maturation and measured the reproductive success of females at 12 mo of age. Maintenance of hamsters in SP beginning after puberty was associated with significantly greater litter success (77%) compared to imposition of SP before puberty (35%); the difference in weaning success was even greater (73% and 12%, respectively). Regardless of which SP regime was used, litter success of females exposed to SP was substantially greater than that of 12-mo-old females held continuously in LP (6%). The efficacy of SP in decelerating female reproductive aging is manifest at several life stages and is greater when treatment is initiated after rather than before puberty.