Prostate cancer has become one of the most frequently diagnosed tumors in men and is one of the leading causes of death in men over 50 years old. Due to the development of molecular biology techniques used in recent prostate cancer studies, many new aspects of the disease are being discovered and may help in diagnosis, treatment and even to establish prognosis for these patients. Therefore, despite not yet common in clinical practice, several molecular biology techniques frequently need to be discussed with other physicians and even with the patient. In this article, we review some of the most important tools used in molecular biology and their recent discoveries in the study of prostate cancer.