Computed tomography dose measurements with radiochromic films and a flatbed scanner. 2010

O Rampado, and E Garelli, and R Ropolo
Struttura Complessa Fisica Sanitaria, Azienda Ospedaliera, San Giovanni Battista, Corso Bramante 88, 10126 Torino, Italy. orampado@molinette.piemonte.it

Gafchromic XR-QA films were developed for patient dosimetry in diagnostic radiology. A possible application of these films is the measurement of doses in computed tomography. In this study a method to evaluate the CTDI using Gafchromic XR-QA film and a flatbed scanner was developed and tested. Film samples were cut to dimensions of 6 x 170 mm2 in order to have an integration area similar to that of a pencil ionization chamber, with the possibility of changing the integration length. Prior to exposing these films to a computed tomography beam, the angular dependence of the film dose response was investigated by exposing film strips to a static x-ray beam at different angles in the range 0 degrees-180 degrees. A difference of 49% was found between the response with the axis beam parallel to the film surface (90 degrees) and with the axis beam perpendicular (0 degrees and 180 degrees). Integrating over a 360 degrees exposure like the one in computed tomography, a difference of less than 2% was estimated, which is comparable with the measurement error obtainable with XR-QA film. A calibration with a CT beam in the scout mode was performed and film strips were then exposed to single axial scans and to helical scans both in air and in phantoms. Two different types of flatbed scanners were used to read the film samples, a Microtek ScanMaker 9800XL scanner and an Epson Expression 10000 XL scanner, and the accuracy of the results were compared. For beam collimations above 10 mm differences between CTDI measured by film and CTDI measured by ionization chamber below 9% were found for the Epson scanner, with an average estimated error at 1 sigma level of 5%. For the Microtek scanner and for the same film samples, differences below 11% with an average error at 1 sigma level of 8% were founded. The 1 sigma uncertainty of the measured CTDI was provided by the method for each measurement, and it was shown that about the 95% of the differences between the CTDI measurements with radiochromic films and with the ionization chamber were below the estimated 2 sigma uncertainty, for both scanners. After an accurate calibration procedure and the consideration of the uncertainty associated with the measurement, Gafchromic XR-QA films can be used to evaluate the CTDI.

UI MeSH Term Description Entries
D011829 Radiation Dosage The amount of radiation energy that is deposited in a unit mass of material, such as tissues of plants or animal. In RADIOTHERAPY, radiation dosage is expressed in gray units (Gy). In RADIOLOGIC HEALTH, the dosage is expressed by the product of absorbed dose (Gy) and quality factor (a function of linear energy transfer), and is called radiation dose equivalent in sievert units (Sv). Sievert Units,Dosage, Radiation,Gray Units,Gy Radiation,Sv Radiation Dose Equivalent,Dosages, Radiation,Radiation Dosages,Units, Gray,Units, Sievert
D004867 Equipment Design Methods and patterns of fabricating machines and related hardware. Design, Equipment,Device Design,Medical Device Design,Design, Medical Device,Designs, Medical Device,Device Design, Medical,Device Designs, Medical,Medical Device Designs,Design, Device,Designs, Device,Designs, Equipment,Device Designs,Equipment Designs
D005373 Film Dosimetry Use of a device (film badge) for measuring exposure of individuals to radiation. It is usually made of metal, plastic, or paper and loaded with one or more pieces of x-ray film. Film Badge Dosimetry,Film Badge,Badge Dosimetries, Film,Badge Dosimetry, Film,Badge, Film,Badges, Film,Dosimetries, Film,Dosimetries, Film Badge,Dosimetry, Film,Dosimetry, Film Badge,Film Badge Dosimetries,Film Badges,Film Dosimetries
D012680 Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed) Specificity,Sensitivity,Specificity and Sensitivity
D014057 Tomography, X-Ray Computed Tomography using x-ray transmission and a computer algorithm to reconstruct the image. CAT Scan, X-Ray,CT Scan, X-Ray,Cine-CT,Computerized Tomography, X-Ray,Electron Beam Computed Tomography,Tomodensitometry,Tomography, Transmission Computed,X-Ray Tomography, Computed,CAT Scan, X Ray,CT X Ray,Computed Tomography, X-Ray,Computed X Ray Tomography,Computerized Tomography, X Ray,Electron Beam Tomography,Tomography, X Ray Computed,Tomography, X-Ray Computer Assisted,Tomography, X-Ray Computerized,Tomography, X-Ray Computerized Axial,Tomography, Xray Computed,X Ray Computerized Tomography,X Ray Tomography, Computed,X-Ray Computer Assisted Tomography,X-Ray Computerized Axial Tomography,Beam Tomography, Electron,CAT Scans, X-Ray,CT Scan, X Ray,CT Scans, X-Ray,CT X Rays,Cine CT,Computed Tomography, Transmission,Computed Tomography, X Ray,Computed Tomography, Xray,Computed X-Ray Tomography,Scan, X-Ray CAT,Scan, X-Ray CT,Scans, X-Ray CAT,Scans, X-Ray CT,Tomographies, Computed X-Ray,Tomography, Computed X-Ray,Tomography, Electron Beam,Tomography, X Ray Computer Assisted,Tomography, X Ray Computerized,Tomography, X Ray Computerized Axial,Transmission Computed Tomography,X Ray Computer Assisted Tomography,X Ray Computerized Axial Tomography,X Ray, CT,X Rays, CT,X-Ray CAT Scan,X-Ray CAT Scans,X-Ray CT Scan,X-Ray CT Scans,X-Ray Computed Tomography,X-Ray Computerized Tomography,Xray Computed Tomography
D014963 X-Ray Intensifying Screens Screens which absorb the energy in the x-ray beam that has penetrated the patient and convert this energy into a light pattern which has as nearly as possible the same information as the original x-ray beam. The more light a screen produces for a given input of x-radiation, the less x-ray exposure and thus shorter exposure time are needed to expose the film. In most film-screen systems, the film is sandwiched between two screens in a cassette so that the emulsion on each side is exposed to the light from its contiguous screen. Film-Screen Systems, X-Ray,Radiographic Intensifying Screens,Screen-Film Systems, X-Ray,X-Ray Film-Screen Systems,Screens, Radiographic Intensifying,Xray Intensifying Screens,Film Screen Systems, X Ray,Film-Screen System, X-Ray,Intensifying Screen, Radiographic,Intensifying Screen, X-Ray,Intensifying Screen, Xray,Intensifying Screens, Radiographic,Intensifying Screens, X-Ray,Intensifying Screens, Xray,Radiographic Intensifying Screen,Screen Film Systems, X Ray,Screen, Radiographic Intensifying,Screen, X-Ray Intensifying,Screen, Xray Intensifying,Screen-Film System, X-Ray,Screens, X-Ray Intensifying,Screens, Xray Intensifying,System, X-Ray Film-Screen,System, X-Ray Screen-Film,Systems, X-Ray Film-Screen,Systems, X-Ray Screen-Film,X Ray Film Screen Systems,X Ray Intensifying Screens,X-Ray Film-Screen System,X-Ray Intensifying Screen,X-Ray Screen-Film System,X-Ray Screen-Film Systems,Xray Intensifying Screen
D015203 Reproducibility of Results The statistical reproducibility of measurements (often in a clinical context), including the testing of instrumentation or techniques to obtain reproducible results. The concept includes reproducibility of physiological measurements, which may be used to develop rules to assess probability or prognosis, or response to a stimulus; reproducibility of occurrence of a condition; and reproducibility of experimental results. Reliability and Validity,Reliability of Result,Reproducibility Of Result,Reproducibility of Finding,Validity of Result,Validity of Results,Face Validity,Reliability (Epidemiology),Reliability of Results,Reproducibility of Findings,Test-Retest Reliability,Validity (Epidemiology),Finding Reproducibilities,Finding Reproducibility,Of Result, Reproducibility,Of Results, Reproducibility,Reliabilities, Test-Retest,Reliability, Test-Retest,Result Reliabilities,Result Reliability,Result Validities,Result Validity,Result, Reproducibility Of,Results, Reproducibility Of,Test Retest Reliability,Validity and Reliability,Validity, Face
D017076 Computer-Aided Design The use of computers for designing and/or manufacturing of anything, including drugs, surgical procedures, orthotics, and prosthetics. CAD-CAM,Computer-Aided Manufacturing,Computer-Assisted Design,Computer-Assisted Manufacturing,Computer Aided Design,Computer Aided Manufacturing,Computer Assisted Design,Computer Assisted Manufacturing,Computer-Aided Designs,Computer-Assisted Designs,Design, Computer-Aided,Design, Computer-Assisted,Designs, Computer-Aided,Designs, Computer-Assisted,Manufacturing, Computer-Aided,Manufacturing, Computer-Assisted
D019544 Equipment Failure Analysis The evaluation of incidents involving the loss of function of a device. These evaluations are used for a variety of purposes such as to determine the failure rates, the causes of failures, costs of failures, and the reliability and maintainability of devices. Materials Failure Analysis,Prosthesis Failure Analysis,Analysis, Equipment Failure,Analysis, Materials Failure,Analysis, Prosthesis Failure,Analyses, Equipment Failure,Analyses, Materials Failure,Analyses, Prosthesis Failure,Equipment Failure Analyses,Failure Analyses, Equipment,Failure Analyses, Materials,Failure Analyses, Prosthesis,Failure Analysis, Equipment,Failure Analysis, Materials,Failure Analysis, Prosthesis,Materials Failure Analyses,Prosthesis Failure Analyses

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