Biomaterial Database

Physical properties of acid milk gels prepared at 37 degrees C up to gelation but at different incubation temperatures for the remainder of fermentation. 2010

Y Peng, and D S Horne, and J A Lucey

Department of Food Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1605 Linden Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1565, USA.

We investigated the effect of altering temperature immediately after gels were formed at 37 degrees C. We defined instrumentally measurable gelation (IMG) as the point at which gels had a storage modulus (G') > or = 5Pa. Gels were made at constant incubation temperature (IT) of 37 degrees C up to IMG, and then cooled to 30 or 33.5, or heated to 40.5 or 44 degrees C, at a rate of 1 degrees C/min and maintained at those temperatures until pH 4.6. Control gel was made at 37 degrees C (i.e., no temperature change during gelation/gel development). Gel formation was monitored using small strain dynamic oscillatory rheology, and the resulting structure and physical properties at pH 4.6 were studied by fluorescence microscopy, large deformation rheology, whey separation (WS), and permeability (B). A single strain of Streptococcus thermophilus was used to avoid variations in the ratios of strains that could have resulted from changes in temperature during fermentation. Total time required to reach pH 4.6 was similar for samples made at constant IT of 37 degrees C or by cooling after IMG from 37 to either 30 or 33.5 degrees C, but gels heated to 40 or 44 degrees C needed less time to reach pH 4.6. Cooling gels after IMG resulted in an increase in G' values at pH 4.6, a decrease in LT(max), WS, and B, and an increase in the area of protein aggregates of micrographs compared with the control gel made at constant IT of 37 degrees C. Heating gels after IMG resulted in a decrease in G' values at pH 4.6 and an increase in LT(max) values and WS. The physical properties of acid milk gels were dominated by the temperature profile during the gel-strengthening phase that occurs after IMG. This study indicates that the final properties of yogurt greatly depend on the environmental conditions (e.g., temperature, time/rate of pH change) experienced by the casein particles/clusters during the critical early gel development phase when bonding between and within particles is still labile. Cooling of gels may encourage inter-cluster strand formation, whereas heating of gels may promote intra-cluster fusion and the breakage of strands between clusters.

UI	MeSH Term	Description	Entries
D008892	Milk	The off-white liquid secreted by the mammary glands of humans and other mammals. It contains proteins, sugar, lipids, vitamins, and minerals.	Cow Milk,Cow's Milk,Milk, Cow,Milk, Cow's
D008894	Milk Proteins	The major protein constituents of milk are CASEINS and whey proteins such as LACTALBUMIN and LACTOGLOBULINS. IMMUNOGLOBULINS occur in high concentrations in COLOSTRUM and in relatively lower concentrations in milk. (Singleton and Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed, p554)	Milk Protein,Protein, Milk,Proteins, Milk
D010539	Permeability	Property of membranes and other structures to permit passage of light, heat, gases, liquids, metabolites, and mineral ions.	Permeabilities
D005285	Fermentation	Anaerobic degradation of GLUCOSE or other organic nutrients to gain energy in the form of ATP. End products vary depending on organisms, substrates, and enzymatic pathways. Common fermentation products include ETHANOL and LACTIC ACID.	Fermentations
D005782	Gels	Colloids with a solid continuous phase and liquid as the dispersed phase; gels may be unstable when, due to temperature or other cause, the solid phase liquefies; the resulting colloid is called a sol.
D006863	Hydrogen-Ion Concentration	The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH	pH,Concentration, Hydrogen-Ion,Concentrations, Hydrogen-Ion,Hydrogen Ion Concentration,Hydrogen-Ion Concentrations
D000067816	Whey Proteins	The protein components of milk obtained from the whey.	Whey Protein,Protein, Whey,Proteins, Whey
D000818	Animals	Unicellular or multicellular, heterotrophic organisms, that have sensation and the power of voluntary movement. Under the older five kingdom paradigm, Animalia was one of the kingdoms. Under the modern three domain model, Animalia represents one of the many groups in the domain EUKARYOTA.	Animal,Metazoa,Animalia
D012212	Rheology	The study of the deformation and flow of matter, usually liquids or fluids, and of the plastic flow of solids. The concept covers consistency, dilatancy, liquefaction, resistance to flow, shearing, thixotrophy, and VISCOSITY.	Flowmetry,Velocimetry,Velocimetries
D013696	Temperature	The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.	Temperatures