Biomaterial Database

[Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration]. 2010

Koichiro Sakai

Department of Neurology, Tokyo Rinkai Hospital, 1-4-2 Rinkai-cho, Edogawa, Tokyo 134-0086, Japan.

Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration (PCD) is an unusual, remote effect of certain systemic cancers and is characterized by subacute cerebellar symptoms. PCD cases exhibit varying clinical features: In some cases only cerebellar involvement is noted, whereas in others, cerebellar involvement is accompanied by nervous system involvement at various levels. This article describes the knowledge on PCD, with emphasis on certain clinical-immunological associations. Recent studies have revealed the presence of various autoantibodies in the serum or cerebrospinal fluid of PCD patients. The antibodies associated with PCD are Yo, Hu, Ri, Ma, CV2/CRMP-5, P/Q-type VGCC, GAD, mGluR, ANNA-3, PCA-2, Tr, Zic and CARPVIII antibodies. The antigens recognized by these autoantibodies are membrane proteins or proteins expressed within cerebellar neurons. The pathogenic role played by the autoantibodies in PCD is unknown. In some PCD cases, it is unlikely that these autoantibodies play a pathogenic role; in such cases, cytotoxic T cells are assumed to play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of PCD. However, some autoantibodies, especially those directed against membrane proteins, have been shown to be directly involved in the pathogenesis of PCD. Detection of these autoantibodies is important for a correct diagnosis of PCD. The effect of immunotherapy is unclear in most PCD cases. Clarification of the relevant clinical-immunological associations is crucial for the developent of new therapeutic strategies for PCD.

UI	MeSH Term	Description	Entries
D008565	Membrane Proteins	Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.	Cell Membrane Protein,Cell Membrane Proteins,Cell Surface Protein,Cell Surface Proteins,Integral Membrane Proteins,Membrane-Associated Protein,Surface Protein,Surface Proteins,Integral Membrane Protein,Membrane Protein,Membrane-Associated Proteins,Membrane Associated Protein,Membrane Associated Proteins,Membrane Protein, Cell,Membrane Protein, Integral,Membrane Proteins, Integral,Protein, Cell Membrane,Protein, Cell Surface,Protein, Integral Membrane,Protein, Membrane,Protein, Membrane-Associated,Protein, Surface,Proteins, Cell Membrane,Proteins, Cell Surface,Proteins, Integral Membrane,Proteins, Membrane,Proteins, Membrane-Associated,Proteins, Surface,Surface Protein, Cell
D009369	Neoplasms	New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.	Benign Neoplasm,Cancer,Malignant Neoplasm,Tumor,Tumors,Benign Neoplasms,Malignancy,Malignant Neoplasms,Neoplasia,Neoplasm,Neoplasms, Benign,Cancers,Malignancies,Neoplasias,Neoplasm, Benign,Neoplasm, Malignant,Neoplasms, Malignant
D009419	Nerve Tissue Proteins		Proteins, Nerve Tissue,Tissue Proteins, Nerve
D006801	Humans	Members of the species Homo sapiens.	Homo sapiens,Man (Taxonomy),Human,Man, Modern,Modern Man
D000090682	Neuro-Oncological Ventral Antigen	They are RNA-BINDING PROTEINS involved in mRNA processing. These are essential in gene regulation, including splicing, translation, transport, stability, and degradation of RNA.	Antigens, Ri,Neuro-Oncological Ventral Antigen 1,Neuro-Oncological Ventral Antigen 2,Nova 1,Nova Antigen,Nova Protein,Nova-1 Antigen,Paraneoplastic Ri Antigen,Paraneoplastic Ri Antigen, 55 KDA,Ri Antigen,Ventral Neuron-Specific Protein 1,1, Nova,Antigen, Neuro-Oncological Ventral,Antigen, Nova,Antigen, Nova-1,Antigen, Paraneoplastic Ri,Antigen, Ri,Neuro Oncological Ventral Antigen,Neuro Oncological Ventral Antigen 2,Nova 1 Antigen,Protein, Nova,Ri Antigen, Paraneoplastic,Ri Antigens,Ventral Neuron Specific Protein 1
D000951	Antigens, Neoplasm	Proteins, glycoprotein, or lipoprotein moieties on surfaces of tumor cells that are usually identified by monoclonal antibodies. Many of these are of either embryonic or viral origin.	Neoplasm Antigens,Tumor Antigen,Tumor Antigens,Antigen, Tumor,Antigens, Tumor
D001323	Autoantibodies	Antibodies that react with self-antigens (AUTOANTIGENS) of the organism that produced them.	Autoantibody
D013602	T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic	Immunized T-lymphocytes which can directly destroy appropriate target cells. These cytotoxic lymphocytes may be generated in vitro in mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC), in vivo during a graft-versus-host (GVH) reaction, or after immunization with an allograft, tumor cell or virally transformed or chemically modified target cell. The lytic phenomenon is sometimes referred to as cell-mediated lympholysis (CML). These CD8-positive cells are distinct from NATURAL KILLER CELLS and NATURAL KILLER T-CELLS. There are two effector phenotypes: TC1 and TC2.	Cell-Mediated Lympholytic Cells,Cytotoxic T Cells,Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte,Cytotoxic T-Lymphocytes,TC1 Cell,TC1 Cells,TC2 Cell,TC2 Cells,Cell Mediated Lympholytic Cells,Cell, Cell-Mediated Lympholytic,Cell, TC1,Cell, TC2,Cell-Mediated Lympholytic Cell,Cytotoxic T Cell,Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes,Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte,Lymphocyte, Cytotoxic T,Lympholytic Cell, Cell-Mediated,Lympholytic Cells, Cell-Mediated,T Cell, Cytotoxic,T Lymphocyte, Cytotoxic,T Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic,T-Lymphocyte, Cytotoxic
D015415	Biomarkers	Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE and its effects, disease diagnosis; METABOLIC PROCESSES; SUBSTANCE ABUSE; PREGNANCY; cell line development; EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES; etc.	Biochemical Markers,Biological Markers,Biomarker,Clinical Markers,Immunologic Markers,Laboratory Markers,Markers, Biochemical,Markers, Biological,Markers, Clinical,Markers, Immunologic,Markers, Laboratory,Markers, Serum,Markers, Surrogate,Markers, Viral,Serum Markers,Surrogate Markers,Viral Markers,Biochemical Marker,Biologic Marker,Biologic Markers,Clinical Marker,Immune Marker,Immune Markers,Immunologic Marker,Laboratory Marker,Marker, Biochemical,Marker, Biological,Marker, Clinical,Marker, Immunologic,Marker, Laboratory,Marker, Serum,Marker, Surrogate,Serum Marker,Surrogate End Point,Surrogate End Points,Surrogate Endpoint,Surrogate Endpoints,Surrogate Marker,Viral Marker,Biological Marker,End Point, Surrogate,End Points, Surrogate,Endpoint, Surrogate,Endpoints, Surrogate,Marker, Biologic,Marker, Immune,Marker, Viral,Markers, Biologic,Markers, Immune
D016601	RNA-Binding Proteins	Proteins that bind to RNA molecules. Included here are RIBONUCLEOPROTEINS and other proteins whose function is to bind specifically to RNA.	Double-Stranded RNA-Binding Protein,Double-Stranded RNA-Binding Proteins,ds RNA-Binding Protein,RNA-Binding Protein,ds RNA-Binding Proteins,Double Stranded RNA Binding Protein,Double Stranded RNA Binding Proteins,Protein, Double-Stranded RNA-Binding,Protein, ds RNA-Binding,RNA Binding Protein,RNA Binding Proteins,RNA-Binding Protein, Double-Stranded,RNA-Binding Protein, ds,RNA-Binding Proteins, Double-Stranded,ds RNA Binding Protein