Biomaterial Database

Hepatic fibrosis and the renin-angiotensin system. 2011

Ghulam Abbas, and Marina G Silveira, and Keith D Lindor

Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.

The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is involved in hepatic fibrosis. To date there is no known effective treatment for hepatic fibrosis. Modulation of the RAS with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers may be a promising therapeutic option for the treatment of hepatic fibrosis. This review provides an update about the role of RAS in hepatic fibrosis, and treatment of hepatic fibrosis in the light of different studies in animals and humans is also updated. RAS induces key steps involved in hepatic fibrosis, such as activation of hepatic stellate cells and expression of transforming growth factor β1. Treatment with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and angiotensin receptor blockers attenuate fibrosis progression in both animal and human studies. Further, controlled studies are required to evaluate the role of RAS inhibitors and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in patients with chronic liver diseases in whom the causative agent cannot be removed.

UI	MeSH Term	Description	Entries
D007703	Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A	A peptidyl-dipeptidase that catalyzes the release of a C-terminal dipeptide, oligopeptide-\|-Xaa-Yaa, when Xaa is not Pro, and Yaa is neither Asp nor Glu. Thus, conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, with increase in vasoconstrictor activity, but no action on angiotensin II. It is also able to inactivate BRADYKININ, a potent vasodilator; and has a glycosidase activity which releases GPI-anchored proteins from the membrane by cleaving the mannose linkage in the GPI moiety. (From https://www.uniprot.org April 15, 2020).	ACE1 Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 1,ACE1 Protein,Angiotensin Converting Enzyme,Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 1,Antigens, CD143,CD143 Antigens,Dipeptidyl Carboxypeptidase I,Kininase II,Peptidase P,Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme,Carboxycathepsin,Dipeptidyl Peptidase A,Kininase A,ACE1 Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 1,Angiotensin I Converting Enzyme,Carboxypeptidase I, Dipeptidyl,Peptidyl Dipeptidase A
D008103	Liver Cirrhosis	Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.	Cirrhosis, Liver,Fibrosis, Liver,Hepatic Cirrhosis,Liver Fibrosis,Cirrhosis, Hepatic
D012084	Renin-Angiotensin System	A BLOOD PRESSURE regulating system of interacting components that include RENIN; ANGIOTENSINOGEN; ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME; ANGIOTENSIN I; ANGIOTENSIN II; and angiotensinase. Renin, an enzyme produced in the kidney, acts on angiotensinogen, an alpha-2 globulin produced by the liver, forming ANGIOTENSIN I. Angiotensin-converting enzyme, contained in the lung, acts on angiotensin I in the plasma converting it to ANGIOTENSIN II, an extremely powerful vasoconstrictor. Angiotensin II causes contraction of the arteriolar and renal VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE, leading to retention of salt and water in the KIDNEY and increased arterial blood pressure. In addition, angiotensin II stimulates the release of ALDOSTERONE from the ADRENAL CORTEX, which in turn also increases salt and water retention in the kidney. Angiotensin-converting enzyme also breaks down BRADYKININ, a powerful vasodilator and component of the KALLIKREIN-KININ SYSTEM.	Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System,Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System,Renin Angiotensin System,System, Renin-Angiotensin,System, Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone
D006801	Humans	Members of the species Homo sapiens.	Homo sapiens,Man (Taxonomy),Human,Man, Modern,Modern Man
D000085962	Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2	A transmembrane glycoprotein with an extracellular catalytic domain which functions as a carboxypeptidase. It cleaves a single C-terminal residue from a distinct range of substrates. The catalytic efficiency is 400-fold higher with ANGIOTENSIN II as a substrate than with ANGIOTENSIN I. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is also is a functional receptor for the spike glycoprotein (SPIKE PROTEIN, CORONAVIRUS) of the CORONAVIRUSES SARS-COV, SARS-COV2, and HCOV-NL63.	ACE-Related Carboxypeptidase,ACE2 Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Protein 2,ACE2 Enzyme,ACE2 Protein,Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2,Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme-Related Carboxypeptidase,ACE Related Carboxypeptidase,ACE2 Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Protein 2,Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Related Carboxypeptidase,Carboxypeptidase, ACE-Related,Carboxypeptidase, Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme-Related
D000806	Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors	A class of drugs whose main indications are the treatment of hypertension and heart failure. They exert their hemodynamic effect mainly by inhibiting the renin-angiotensin system. They also modulate sympathetic nervous system activity and increase prostaglandin synthesis. They cause mainly vasodilation and mild natriuresis without affecting heart rate and contractility.	ACE Inhibitor,ACE Inhibitors,Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitor,Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor,Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor,Kininase II Inhibitor,Kininase II Inhibitors,Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors,Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Antagonists,Antagonists, Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme,Antagonists, Kininase II,Inhibitors, ACE,Inhibitors, Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme,Inhibitors, Kininase II,Kininase II Antagonists,Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Antagonists,Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors,Angiotensin I Converting Enzyme Inhibitor,Angiotensin I Converting Enzyme Inhibitors,Antagonists, Angiotensin Converting Enzyme,Enzyme Antagonists, Angiotensin-Converting,Enzyme Inhibitor, Angiotensin-Converting,Enzyme Inhibitors, Angiotensin-Converting,II Inhibitor, Kininase,Inhibitor, ACE,Inhibitor, Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme,Inhibitor, Kininase II,Inhibitors, Angiotensin Converting Enzyme
D000818	Animals	Unicellular or multicellular, heterotrophic organisms, that have sensation and the power of voluntary movement. Under the older five kingdom paradigm, Animalia was one of the kingdoms. Under the modern three domain model, Animalia represents one of the many groups in the domain EUKARYOTA.	Animal,Metazoa,Animalia
D053773	Transforming Growth Factor beta1	A subtype of transforming growth factor beta that is synthesized by a wide variety of cells. It is synthesized as a precursor molecule that is cleaved to form mature TGF-beta 1 and TGF-beta1 latency-associated peptide. The association of the cleavage products results in the formation a latent protein which must be activated to bind its receptor. Defects in the gene that encodes TGF-beta1 are the cause of CAMURATI-ENGELMANN SYNDROME.	TGF-beta1,Transforming Growth Factor-beta1,TGF-beta-1,TGF-beta1 Latency-Associated Protein,TGF-beta1LAP,Transforming Growth Factor beta 1 Latency Associated Peptide,Transforming Growth Factor beta I,Latency-Associated Protein, TGF-beta1,TGF beta 1,TGF beta1 Latency Associated Protein,TGF beta1LAP
D055166	Hepatic Stellate Cells	Perisinusoidal cells of the liver, located in the space of Disse between HEPATOCYTES and sinusoidal endothelial cells.	Ito Cells,Cell, Hepatic Stellate,Cells, Hepatic Stellate,Cells, Ito,Hepatic Stellate Cell,Stellate Cell, Hepatic,Stellate Cells, Hepatic
D057911	Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists	Agents that antagonize ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTORS. Many drugs in this class specifically target the ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR.	Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonist,Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker,Angiotensin Receptor Antagonist,Angiotensin Receptor Blocker,Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonists,Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers,Angiotensin Receptor Blockers,Antagonist, Angiotensin Receptor,Antagonists, Angiotensin Receptor,Blocker, Angiotensin Receptor,Receptor Antagonist, Angiotensin,Receptor Antagonists, Angiotensin,Receptor Blocker, Angiotensin,Receptor Blockers, Angiotensin