The utility of animal surveillance in the detection of West Nile virus activity in Puerto Rico, 2007. 2011

Elena Phoutrides, and Tamara Jusino-Mendez, and Taonex Perez-Medina, and Rafael Seda-Lozada, and Myriam Garcia-Negron, and Francisco Davila-Toro, and Elizabeth Hunsperger
Division of Vector Borne Infectious Diseases, Dengue Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1324 Calle Canada, San Juan, Puerto Rico.

After the isolation of West Nile virus (WNV) from humans, mosquitoes, and chickens in 2007, an analysis of animal surveillance involving multiple species (horses, monkeys, sheep, dogs, and birds) used to track WNV transmission from 2006 to 2008 was performed. During this period 13.4% of all the animal samples collected were seropositive by blocking ELISA for WNV. The most complete island-wide sampling was obtained from horses of which 22% were serologically positive and 96% were confirmed as WNV infections by plaque-reduction neutralization test. Our conclusion from this 3-year study is that animal surveillance is an early indicator of WNV activity before the identification of human cases. Additionally, the results indicated that horses have a greater geographical range and should be continued to be used as sentinels for passive surveillance in the tropics.

UI MeSH Term Description Entries
D011647 Puerto Rico An island in the Greater Antilles in the West Indies. Its capital is San Juan. It is a self-governing commonwealth in union with the United States. It was discovered by Columbus in 1493 but no colonization was attempted until 1508. It belonged to Spain until ceded to the United States in 1898. It became a commonwealth with autonomy in internal affairs in 1952. Columbus named the island San Juan for St. John's Day, the Monday he arrived, and the bay Puerto Rico, rich harbor. The island became Puerto Rico officially in 1932. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p987 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p436)
D004285 Dogs The domestic dog, Canis familiaris, comprising about 400 breeds, of the carnivore family CANIDAE. They are worldwide in distribution and live in association with people. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1065) Canis familiaris,Dog
D004797 Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed. ELISA,Assay, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent,Assays, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent,Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay,Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays,Immunosorbent Assay, Enzyme-Linked,Immunosorbent Assays, Enzyme-Linked
D006736 Horses Large, hoofed mammals of the family EQUIDAE. Horses are active day and night with most of the day spent seeking and consuming food. Feeding peaks occur in the early morning and late afternoon, and there are several daily periods of rest. Equus caballus,Equus przewalskii,Horse, Domestic,Domestic Horse,Domestic Horses,Horse,Horses, Domestic
D006801 Humans Members of the species Homo sapiens. Homo sapiens,Man (Taxonomy),Human,Man, Modern,Modern Man
D000818 Animals Unicellular or multicellular, heterotrophic organisms, that have sensation and the power of voluntary movement. Under the older five kingdom paradigm, Animalia was one of the kingdoms. Under the modern three domain model, Animalia represents one of the many groups in the domain EUKARYOTA. Animal,Metazoa,Animalia
D000882 Haplorhini A suborder of PRIMATES consisting of six families: CEBIDAE (some New World monkeys), ATELIDAE (some New World monkeys), CERCOPITHECIDAE (Old World monkeys), HYLOBATIDAE (gibbons and siamangs), CALLITRICHINAE (marmosets and tamarins), and HOMINIDAE (humans and great apes). Anthropoidea,Monkeys,Anthropoids,Monkey
D001717 Birds Warm-blooded VERTEBRATES possessing FEATHERS and belonging to the class Aves. Aves,Bird
D012756 Sheep Any of the ruminant mammals with curved horns in the genus Ovis, family Bovidae. They possess lachrymal grooves and interdigital glands, which are absent in GOATS. Ovis,Sheep, Dall,Dall Sheep,Ovis dalli
D014902 West Nile virus A species of FLAVIVIRUS, one of the Japanese encephalitis virus group (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUSES, JAPANESE). It can infect birds and mammals. In humans, it is seen most frequently in Africa, Asia, and Europe presenting as a silent infection or undifferentiated fever (WEST NILE FEVER). The virus appeared in North America for the first time in 1999. It is transmitted mainly by CULEX spp mosquitoes which feed primarily on birds, but it can also be carried by the Asian Tiger mosquito, AEDES albopictus, which feeds mainly on mammals. Egypt 101 virus,Kunjin virus

Related Publications

Elena Phoutrides, and Tamara Jusino-Mendez, and Taonex Perez-Medina, and Rafael Seda-Lozada, and Myriam Garcia-Negron, and Francisco Davila-Toro, and Elizabeth Hunsperger
May 2008, MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report,
Elena Phoutrides, and Tamara Jusino-Mendez, and Taonex Perez-Medina, and Rafael Seda-Lozada, and Myriam Garcia-Negron, and Francisco Davila-Toro, and Elizabeth Hunsperger
May 2013, The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene,
Elena Phoutrides, and Tamara Jusino-Mendez, and Taonex Perez-Medina, and Rafael Seda-Lozada, and Myriam Garcia-Negron, and Francisco Davila-Toro, and Elizabeth Hunsperger
August 2009, Emerging infectious diseases,
Elena Phoutrides, and Tamara Jusino-Mendez, and Taonex Perez-Medina, and Rafael Seda-Lozada, and Myriam Garcia-Negron, and Francisco Davila-Toro, and Elizabeth Hunsperger
January 2012, Vector borne and zoonotic diseases (Larchmont, N.Y.),
Elena Phoutrides, and Tamara Jusino-Mendez, and Taonex Perez-Medina, and Rafael Seda-Lozada, and Myriam Garcia-Negron, and Francisco Davila-Toro, and Elizabeth Hunsperger
August 2005, The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene,
Elena Phoutrides, and Tamara Jusino-Mendez, and Taonex Perez-Medina, and Rafael Seda-Lozada, and Myriam Garcia-Negron, and Francisco Davila-Toro, and Elizabeth Hunsperger
November 2010, Journal of medical entomology,
Elena Phoutrides, and Tamara Jusino-Mendez, and Taonex Perez-Medina, and Rafael Seda-Lozada, and Myriam Garcia-Negron, and Francisco Davila-Toro, and Elizabeth Hunsperger
July 2008, MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report,
Elena Phoutrides, and Tamara Jusino-Mendez, and Taonex Perez-Medina, and Rafael Seda-Lozada, and Myriam Garcia-Negron, and Francisco Davila-Toro, and Elizabeth Hunsperger
June 2011, Clinical and vaccine immunology : CVI,
Elena Phoutrides, and Tamara Jusino-Mendez, and Taonex Perez-Medina, and Rafael Seda-Lozada, and Myriam Garcia-Negron, and Francisco Davila-Toro, and Elizabeth Hunsperger
January 2013, The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene,
Elena Phoutrides, and Tamara Jusino-Mendez, and Taonex Perez-Medina, and Rafael Seda-Lozada, and Myriam Garcia-Negron, and Francisco Davila-Toro, and Elizabeth Hunsperger
May 2011, Journal of medical entomology,
Copied contents to your clipboard!