Age- and sex-related changes in the normal human external nose. 2011

Chiarella Sforza, and Gaia Grandi, and Marcio De Menezes, and Gianluca M Tartaglia, and Virgilio F Ferrario
Functional Anatomy Research Center (FARC), Laboratorio di Anatomia Funzionale dell'Apparato Stomatognatico (LAFAS), Dipartimento di Morfologia Umana e Scienze Biomediche Città Studi, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Mangiagalli 31, I-20133 Milano, Italy. chiarella.sforza@unimi.it

The objective of this study was to measure: (1) normal sex-related dimensions of external nose (linear distances, ratios, angles, volume and surface area); and (2) growth changes between childhood and old age. The three-dimensional coordinates of several soft-tissue landmarks on the external nose were obtained by a non-invasive, computerized digitizer in 519 male and 340 female healthy subjects aged 4-73 years. The subjects were divided into 11 non-overlapping age groups: for children and preadolescent subjects, 2-year spans were used, while larger intervals were used for adolescent and adult subjects. From the landmarks, nasal volume and external surface area; nasal and alar base widths, nasal height, nasal bridge length, philtrum length, nasal tip protrusion, right and left nostril lengths, superior and inferior nostril widths; nasal tip protrusion-to-nasal height, and nasal width-to-nasal height ratios; nasal convexity, alar slope, and nasal tip angles were calculated, and averaged for age and sex. Comparisons were performed by factorial analysis of variance. On average, men had larger nasal external volume and area, linear distances and nasal width-to-height ratio than women (p<0.01); no sex differences were found for the angles and the nasal tip protrusion-to-nasal height ratio. Age significantly influenced all analyzed measurements (p<0.001): nasal volume, area, linear distances increased from childhood to old age, while the nasal tip angle decreased as a function of age. No consistent age related patterns were found for the ratios and the nasal convexity and alar slope angles. Men and women had different age related patterns, with significant sex by age interactions (p<0.001). Overall, in most occasions male increments in nasal dimensions were larger than female ones. Data collected in the present investigation could serve as a database for the quantitative description of human nasal morphology during normal growth, development and aging. Forensic applications (evaluations of traumas, craniofacial alterations, teratogenic-induced conditions, facial reconstruction, aging of living and dead persons, personal identification) may also benefit from age and sex based data banks.

UI MeSH Term Description Entries
D007091 Image Processing, Computer-Assisted A technique of inputting two-dimensional or three-dimensional images into a computer and then enhancing or analyzing the imagery into a form that is more useful to the human observer. Biomedical Image Processing,Computer-Assisted Image Processing,Digital Image Processing,Image Analysis, Computer-Assisted,Image Reconstruction,Medical Image Processing,Analysis, Computer-Assisted Image,Computer-Assisted Image Analysis,Computer Assisted Image Analysis,Computer Assisted Image Processing,Computer-Assisted Image Analyses,Image Analyses, Computer-Assisted,Image Analysis, Computer Assisted,Image Processing, Biomedical,Image Processing, Computer Assisted,Image Processing, Digital,Image Processing, Medical,Image Processings, Medical,Image Reconstructions,Medical Image Processings,Processing, Biomedical Image,Processing, Digital Image,Processing, Medical Image,Processings, Digital Image,Processings, Medical Image,Reconstruction, Image,Reconstructions, Image
D008297 Male Males
D008875 Middle Aged An adult aged 45 - 64 years. Middle Age
D008954 Models, Biological Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment. Biological Model,Biological Models,Model, Biological,Models, Biologic,Biologic Model,Biologic Models,Model, Biologic
D009666 Nose A part of the upper respiratory tract. It contains the organ of SMELL. The term includes the external nose, the nasal cavity, and the PARANASAL SINUSES. External Nose,External Noses,Nose, External,Noses,Noses, External
D002648 Child A person 6 to 12 years of age. An individual 2 to 5 years old is CHILD, PRESCHOOL. Children
D002675 Child, Preschool A child between the ages of 2 and 5. Children, Preschool,Preschool Child,Preschool Children
D005260 Female Females
D006801 Humans Members of the species Homo sapiens. Homo sapiens,Man (Taxonomy),Human,Man, Modern,Modern Man
D000293 Adolescent A person 13 to 18 years of age. Adolescence,Youth,Adolescents,Adolescents, Female,Adolescents, Male,Teenagers,Teens,Adolescent, Female,Adolescent, Male,Female Adolescent,Female Adolescents,Male Adolescent,Male Adolescents,Teen,Teenager,Youths

Related Publications

Chiarella Sforza, and Gaia Grandi, and Marcio De Menezes, and Gianluca M Tartaglia, and Virgilio F Ferrario
January 1966, Acta orthopaedica Scandinavica,
Chiarella Sforza, and Gaia Grandi, and Marcio De Menezes, and Gianluca M Tartaglia, and Virgilio F Ferrario
October 1988, Geriatrics,
Chiarella Sforza, and Gaia Grandi, and Marcio De Menezes, and Gianluca M Tartaglia, and Virgilio F Ferrario
August 1982, Mechanisms of ageing and development,
Chiarella Sforza, and Gaia Grandi, and Marcio De Menezes, and Gianluca M Tartaglia, and Virgilio F Ferrario
March 2011, International neurourology journal,
Chiarella Sforza, and Gaia Grandi, and Marcio De Menezes, and Gianluca M Tartaglia, and Virgilio F Ferrario
March 1990, Journal of gerontology,
Chiarella Sforza, and Gaia Grandi, and Marcio De Menezes, and Gianluca M Tartaglia, and Virgilio F Ferrario
January 2019, Biology of sex differences,
Chiarella Sforza, and Gaia Grandi, and Marcio De Menezes, and Gianluca M Tartaglia, and Virgilio F Ferrario
July 2007, Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research,
Chiarella Sforza, and Gaia Grandi, and Marcio De Menezes, and Gianluca M Tartaglia, and Virgilio F Ferrario
October 2020, The Journal of craniofacial surgery,
Chiarella Sforza, and Gaia Grandi, and Marcio De Menezes, and Gianluca M Tartaglia, and Virgilio F Ferrario
January 1987, Japanese journal of ophthalmology,
Chiarella Sforza, and Gaia Grandi, and Marcio De Menezes, and Gianluca M Tartaglia, and Virgilio F Ferrario
January 1980, Medecine interne,
Copied contents to your clipboard!