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The cause of brain death must be known irreversible primary or secondary structural damage of brain and brain stem. The clinical signs and symptoms of the irreversible cessation of brain functions enable to diagnose brain death. An EEG at maximal gain reflects absence of cerebral electrical activity. The presence of an isoelectric EEG is a mandatory requirement for the diagnosis of brain death. Angiographic, sonographic or other methods to assure cessation of cerebral blood flow but also other methods as the apnea test etc. are helpful but seem to be not necessary. Nearly in every case typical signs and symptoms of an acute midbrain- and bulbar brain syndrome can be diagnosed in the pre-stage of brain death. In about 60% medullary-initiated movements and spinal reflexes can appear and persist for prolonged periods in brain dead patients.
F Gerstenbrand, and
B Pfausler, and
M Marosi
August 1982,
Singapore medical journal,
F Gerstenbrand, and
B Pfausler, and
M Marosi
August 1969,
Klinische Wochenschrift,
F Gerstenbrand, and
B Pfausler, and
M Marosi
July 1970,
Psychiatry digest,
F Gerstenbrand, and
B Pfausler, and
M Marosi
March 1971,
Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology,
F Gerstenbrand, and
B Pfausler, and
M Marosi
January 1986,
Zeitschrift fur Rechtsmedizin. Journal of legal medicine,
F Gerstenbrand, and
B Pfausler, and
M Marosi
January 1987,
AMB : revista da Associacao Medica Brasileira,
F Gerstenbrand, and
B Pfausler, and
M Marosi
October 1994,
Minerva anestesiologica,
F Gerstenbrand, and
B Pfausler, and
M Marosi
November 1984,
The Journal of medicine and philosophy,
F Gerstenbrand, and
B Pfausler, and
M Marosi
November 1984,
Tijdschrift voor ziekenverpleging,
F Gerstenbrand, and
B Pfausler, and
M Marosi
February 1958,
Medizinische Klinik,
