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Results of various biological and physical/chemical tests of the urines or blood of health-care personnel working with cytotoxic drugs are discussed. The outcomes of these tests are conflicting and inconclusive. The physical/chemical tests seem to be an alternative method. However, until now it has not been possible to establish the threshold concentration in urine or blood beneath which no effect has to be expected. Therefore, the interpretation of the concentration of cytotoxic drugs and/or the metabolites in the urine or blood is difficult. As long as one will not be able to provide conclusive data on the health hazards when working with cytotoxic drugs, protective measures have to be taken in order to lower the risk as much as possible.
G P Kaijser, and
W J Underberg, and
J H Beijnen
January 1992,
Drug safety,
G P Kaijser, and
W J Underberg, and
J H Beijnen
May 2003,
Soins; la revue de reference infirmiere,
G P Kaijser, and
W J Underberg, and
J H Beijnen
June 1992,
[Kango] Japanese journal of nursing,
G P Kaijser, and
W J Underberg, and
J H Beijnen
January 1993,
Nursing standard (Royal College of Nursing (Great Britain) : 1987),
G P Kaijser, and
W J Underberg, and
J H Beijnen
January 1986,
British medical journal (Clinical research ed.),
G P Kaijser, and
W J Underberg, and
J H Beijnen
September 1981,
American journal of hospital pharmacy,
G P Kaijser, and
W J Underberg, and
J H Beijnen
September 1988,
Professional nurse (London, England),
G P Kaijser, and
W J Underberg, and
J H Beijnen
January 1991,
Vojnosanitetski pregled,
G P Kaijser, and
W J Underberg, and
J H Beijnen
January 1997,
Australian nursing journal (July 1993),
G P Kaijser, and
W J Underberg, and
J H Beijnen
August 1981,
Occupational health; a journal for occupational health nurses,
