Biomaterial Database

Bipolar cells in the zebrafish retina. 2011

V P Connaughton

Department of Biology, American University, Washington, District of Columbia 20016, USA. vconn@american.edu

Zebrafish are an existing model for genetic and developmental studies due to their rapid external development and transparent embryos, which allow easy manipulation and observation of early developmental stages. The application of the zebrafish model to vision research has allowed for examination of retinal development and the characteristics of different retinal cell types, including bipolar cells. In particular, bipolar cell development, including differentiation, maturation, and gene expression, has been documented, as has physiological properties, such as voltage- and ligand-gated currents, and neurotransmitter receptor and ion channel expression. Mutant strains and transgenic lines have been used to document how bipolar cell connections and/or development may be altered, and toxicological studies examining how environmental factors may impact bipolar cell activity have been performed. The purpose of this paper was to review the existing literature on zebrafish bipolar cells, to provide a comprehensive overview of current information pertaining to this retinal cell type.

UI	MeSH Term	Description	Entries
D009154	Mutation	Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.	Mutations
D011954	Receptors, Dopamine	Cell-surface proteins that bind dopamine with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells.	Dopamine Receptors,Dopamine Receptor,Receptor, Dopamine
D012160	Retina	The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the OPTIC NERVE and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the CHOROID and the inner surface with the VITREOUS BODY. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent.	Ora Serrata
D000818	Animals	Unicellular or multicellular, heterotrophic organisms, that have sensation and the power of voluntary movement. Under the older five kingdom paradigm, Animalia was one of the kingdoms. Under the modern three domain model, Animalia represents one of the many groups in the domain EUKARYOTA.	Animal,Metazoa,Animalia
D015027	Zebrafish	An exotic species of the family CYPRINIDAE, originally from Asia, that has been introduced in North America. Zebrafish is a model organism for drug assay and cancer research.	Brachydanio rerio,Danio rerio,B. rerio,D. rerio,Zebra Fish,Zebra Fishes,Zebra danio,Zebrafishes,D. rerios,Fishes, Zebra,Zebra danios,danio, Zebra
D015640	Ion Channel Gating	The opening and closing of ion channels due to a stimulus. The stimulus can be a change in membrane potential (voltage-gated), drugs or chemical transmitters (ligand-gated), or a mechanical deformation. Gating is thought to involve conformational changes of the ion channel which alters selective permeability.	Gating, Ion Channel,Gatings, Ion Channel,Ion Channel Gatings
D015870	Gene Expression	The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.	Expression, Gene,Expressions, Gene,Gene Expressions
D017470	Receptors, Glutamate	Cell-surface proteins that bind glutamate and trigger changes which influence the behavior of cells. Glutamate receptors include ionotropic receptors (AMPA, kainate, and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors), which directly control ion channels, and metabotropic receptors which act through second messenger systems. Glutamate receptors are the most common mediators of fast excitatory synaptic transmission in the central nervous system. They have also been implicated in the mechanisms of memory and of many diseases.	Excitatory Amino Acid Receptors,Glutamate Receptors,Receptors, Excitatory Amino Acid,Excitatory Amino Acid Receptor,Glutamate Receptor,Receptor, Glutamate
D051245	Retinal Bipolar Cells	INTERNEURONS of the vertebrate RETINA containing two processes. They receive inputs from the RETINAL PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS and send outputs to the RETINAL GANGLION CELLS. The bipolar cells also make lateral connections in the retina with the RETINAL HORIZONTAL CELLS and with the AMACRINE CELLS.	Bipolar Cells, Retinal,Bipolar Cell, Retinal,Cell, Retinal Bipolar,Cells, Retinal Bipolar,Retinal Bipolar Cell
D055724	Electrophysiological Phenomena	The electrical properties, characteristics of living organisms, and the processes of organisms or their parts that are involved in generating and responding to electricity.	Electrophysiological Concepts,Electrophysiological Processes,Electrophysiologic Concepts,Electrophysiologic Phenomena,Electrophysiological Phenomenon,Electrophysiological Process,Concept, Electrophysiologic,Concept, Electrophysiological,Concepts, Electrophysiologic,Concepts, Electrophysiological,Electrophysiologic Concept,Electrophysiological Concept,Phenomena, Electrophysiologic,Phenomena, Electrophysiological,Phenomenon, Electrophysiological,Process, Electrophysiological,Processes, Electrophysiological