Drinking water composition and incidence of urinary calculus: introducing a new index. 2011

Abbas Basiri, and Nasser Shakhssalim, and Ali Reza Khoshdel, and Hamid Pakmanesh, and Mohammad Hadi Radfar
Urology and Nephrology Research Center and Shahid Labbafinejad Medical Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.

INTRODUCTION. We searched for a pathophysiologically based feature of major water electrolytes, which may define water quality better than the water hardness, respecting urinary calculus formation. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Utilizing a multistage stratified sampling, 2310 patients were diagnosed in the imaging centers of the provincial capitals in Iran between 2007 and 2008. These were composed of 1755 patients who were settled residents of 24 provincial capitals. Data on the regional drinking water composition, obtained from an accredited registry, and their relationships with the region's incidence of urinary calculi were evaluated by metaregression models. The stone risk index (defined as the ratio of calcium to magnesium-bicarbonate product in drinking water) was used to assess the risk of calculus formation. RESULTS. No correlation was found between the urinary calculus incidence and the amount of calcium, bicarbonate, or the total hardness of the drinking water. In contrast, water magnesium had a marginally significant nonlinear inverse relationship with the incidence of the disease in the capitals (R(2) = 26%, P = .05 for a power model). The stone risk index was associated nonlinearly with the calculus incidence (R(2) = 28.4%, P = .04). CONCLUSIONS. Urinary calculus incidence was inversely related with drinking water magnesium content. We introduced a new index constructed on the foundation of a pathophysiologically based formula; the stone risk index had a strong positive association with calculus incidence. This index can have therapeutic and preventive applications, yet to be confirmed by clinical trials.

UI MeSH Term Description Entries
D007492 Iran A country bordering the Gulf of Oman, the Persian Gulf, and the Caspian Sea, between Iraq and Pakistan. The capital is Tehran. Islamic Republic of Iran
D008274 Magnesium A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Mg, atomic number 12, and atomic weight 24.31. It is important for the activity of many enzymes, especially those involved in OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION.
D012042 Registries The systems and processes involved in the establishment, support, management, and operation of registers, e.g., disease registers. Parish Registers,Population Register,Parish Register,Population Registers,Register, Parish,Register, Population,Registers, Parish,Registers, Population,Registry
D012044 Regression Analysis Procedures for finding the mathematical function which best describes the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables. In linear regression (see LINEAR MODELS) the relationship is constrained to be a straight line and LEAST-SQUARES ANALYSIS is used to determine the best fit. In logistic regression (see LOGISTIC MODELS) the dependent variable is qualitative rather than continuously variable and LIKELIHOOD FUNCTIONS are used to find the best relationship. In multiple regression, the dependent variable is considered to depend on more than a single independent variable. Regression Diagnostics,Statistical Regression,Analysis, Regression,Analyses, Regression,Diagnostics, Regression,Regression Analyses,Regression, Statistical,Regressions, Statistical,Statistical Regressions
D002118 Calcium A basic element found in nearly all tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. Coagulation Factor IV,Factor IV,Blood Coagulation Factor IV,Calcium-40,Calcium 40,Factor IV, Coagulation
D004573 Electrolytes Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) Electrolyte
D006801 Humans Members of the species Homo sapiens. Homo sapiens,Man (Taxonomy),Human,Man, Modern,Modern Man
D001639 Bicarbonates Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity. Bicarbonate,Bicarbonate Ions,Hydrogen Carbonates,Bicarbonate Ion,Carbonic Acid Ions,Hydrogen Carbonate,Carbonate, Hydrogen,Carbonates, Hydrogen,Ion, Bicarbonate,Ions, Bicarbonate,Ions, Carbonic Acid
D012307 Risk Factors An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, inborn or inherited characteristic, which, based on epidemiological evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent. Health Correlates,Risk Factor Scores,Risk Scores,Social Risk Factors,Population at Risk,Populations at Risk,Correlates, Health,Factor, Risk,Factor, Social Risk,Factors, Social Risk,Risk Factor,Risk Factor Score,Risk Factor, Social,Risk Factors, Social,Risk Score,Score, Risk,Score, Risk Factor,Social Risk Factor
D014545 Urinary Calculi Low-density crystals or stones in any part of the URINARY TRACT. Their chemical compositions often include CALCIUM OXALATE, magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite), CYSTINE, or URIC ACID. Urinary Stones,Urinary Tract Stones,Calculi, Urinary,Calculus, Urinary,Stone, Urinary,Stone, Urinary Tract,Stones, Urinary,Stones, Urinary Tract,Urinary Calculus,Urinary Stone,Urinary Tract Stone

Related Publications

Abbas Basiri, and Nasser Shakhssalim, and Ali Reza Khoshdel, and Hamid Pakmanesh, and Mohammad Hadi Radfar
February 1973, Tandlakartidningen,
Abbas Basiri, and Nasser Shakhssalim, and Ali Reza Khoshdel, and Hamid Pakmanesh, and Mohammad Hadi Radfar
September 1997, Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.),
Abbas Basiri, and Nasser Shakhssalim, and Ali Reza Khoshdel, and Hamid Pakmanesh, and Mohammad Hadi Radfar
January 1967, Acta medica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae,
Abbas Basiri, and Nasser Shakhssalim, and Ali Reza Khoshdel, and Hamid Pakmanesh, and Mohammad Hadi Radfar
December 2022, Urolithiasis,
Abbas Basiri, and Nasser Shakhssalim, and Ali Reza Khoshdel, and Hamid Pakmanesh, and Mohammad Hadi Radfar
January 1971, Gigiena i sanitariia,
Abbas Basiri, and Nasser Shakhssalim, and Ali Reza Khoshdel, and Hamid Pakmanesh, and Mohammad Hadi Radfar
May 1977, American journal of epidemiology,
Abbas Basiri, and Nasser Shakhssalim, and Ali Reza Khoshdel, and Hamid Pakmanesh, and Mohammad Hadi Radfar
January 2002, Journal of materials science. Materials in medicine,
Abbas Basiri, and Nasser Shakhssalim, and Ali Reza Khoshdel, and Hamid Pakmanesh, and Mohammad Hadi Radfar
June 2006, Journal of veterinary dentistry,
Abbas Basiri, and Nasser Shakhssalim, and Ali Reza Khoshdel, and Hamid Pakmanesh, and Mohammad Hadi Radfar
September 1968, Zeitschrift fur die gesamte innere Medizin und ihre Grenzgebiete,
Abbas Basiri, and Nasser Shakhssalim, and Ali Reza Khoshdel, and Hamid Pakmanesh, and Mohammad Hadi Radfar
September 1968, Zeitschrift fur die gesamte innere Medizin und ihre Grenzgebiete,
Copied contents to your clipboard!