Tetramethylpyrazine protects spinal cord and reduces inflammation in a rat model of spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury. 2011

Lihong Fan, and Kunzheng Wang, and Zhibin Shi, and Jun Die, and Chunsheng Wang, and Xiaoqian Dang
Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Medicine School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Shaanxi, China.

OBJECTIVE Inflammation, which is known to be detrimental to the neurologic outcome during the acute phase after an ischemic stroke, provides a potential target for preventive or therapeutic approach for spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury. Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP), a pure compound derived from Ligusticum chuanxiong, is widely used in the treatment of ischemic stroke. The present study aimed to gain a deeper insight into the mechanism underlying the anti-inflammatory effects of TMP on spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury. METHODS Spinal cord ischemia was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats by balloon occlusion of the thoracic aorta. The experimental groups (n = 30 per group) included sham operation, control (receiving only normal saline), and TMP (30 mg/kg, 30 minutes before occlusion). Neurologic function was assessed by the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) score at 1, 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours after reperfusion. Histologic changes were studied using Nissl staining. Infarct volume was analyzed using 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity was determined by using a rat MPO assay kit. Interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-10 and nuclear factor (NF)-κB were examined with immunohistochemistry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blotting. RESULTS Compared with the control group, the TMP group showed significantly improved neurologic outcome (P < .05), decreased infarct volume (42.3% vs 17.4%), and alleviated neutrophil infiltration (0.35 vs 0.18 U/g). TMP treatment reduced the expressions of proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α (28.62 vs 15.23 pg/mg protein) and IL-1β (13.62 vs 8.24 pg/mg protein), upregulated the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 (18.35 vs 31.26 pg/mg protein), and inhibited the activation of NF-κB (2.78 vs 1.22) in ischemic spinal cord. CONCLUSIONS Treatment with TMP exerted a neuroprotective effect against spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury. The anti-inflammatory effect was believed to be one of the contributing mechanisms.

UI MeSH Term Description Entries
D007150 Immunohistochemistry Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents. Immunocytochemistry,Immunogold Techniques,Immunogold-Silver Techniques,Immunohistocytochemistry,Immunolabeling Techniques,Immunogold Technics,Immunogold-Silver Technics,Immunolabeling Technics,Immunogold Silver Technics,Immunogold Silver Techniques,Immunogold Technic,Immunogold Technique,Immunogold-Silver Technic,Immunogold-Silver Technique,Immunolabeling Technic,Immunolabeling Technique,Technic, Immunogold,Technic, Immunogold-Silver,Technic, Immunolabeling,Technics, Immunogold,Technics, Immunogold-Silver,Technics, Immunolabeling,Technique, Immunogold,Technique, Immunogold-Silver,Technique, Immunolabeling,Techniques, Immunogold,Techniques, Immunogold-Silver,Techniques, Immunolabeling
D008297 Male Males
D009195 Peroxidase A hemeprotein from leukocytes. Deficiency of this enzyme leads to a hereditary disorder coupled with disseminated moniliasis. It catalyzes the conversion of a donor and peroxide to an oxidized donor and water. EC 1.11.1.7. Myeloperoxidase,Hemi-Myeloperoxidase,Hemi Myeloperoxidase
D009460 Neurologic Examination Assessment of sensory and motor responses and reflexes that is used to determine impairment of the nervous system. Examination, Neurologic,Neurological Examination,Examination, Neurological,Examinations, Neurologic,Examinations, Neurological,Neurologic Examinations,Neurological Examinations
D011719 Pyrazines A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2. Pyrazine
D004195 Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases. Animal Disease Model,Animal Disease Models,Disease Model, Animal
D004797 Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed. ELISA,Assay, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent,Assays, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent,Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay,Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays,Immunosorbent Assay, Enzyme-Linked,Immunosorbent Assays, Enzyme-Linked
D000818 Animals Unicellular or multicellular, heterotrophic organisms, that have sensation and the power of voluntary movement. Under the older five kingdom paradigm, Animalia was one of the kingdoms. Under the modern three domain model, Animalia represents one of the many groups in the domain EUKARYOTA. Animal,Metazoa,Animalia
D000894 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal Anti-inflammatory agents that are non-steroidal in nature. In addition to anti-inflammatory actions, they have analgesic, antipyretic, and platelet-inhibitory actions. They act by blocking the synthesis of prostaglandins by inhibiting cyclooxygenase, which converts arachidonic acid to cyclic endoperoxides, precursors of prostaglandins. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis accounts for their analgesic, antipyretic, and platelet-inhibitory actions; other mechanisms may contribute to their anti-inflammatory effects. Analgesics, Anti-Inflammatory,Aspirin-Like Agent,Aspirin-Like Agents,NSAID,Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Agent,Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Agents,Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Agent,Anti Inflammatory Agents, Nonsteroidal,Antiinflammatory Agents, Non Steroidal,Antiinflammatory Agents, Nonsteroidal,NSAIDs,Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Agents,Agent, Aspirin-Like,Agent, Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory,Agent, Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory,Anti-Inflammatory Agent, Non-Steroidal,Anti-Inflammatory Agent, Nonsteroidal,Anti-Inflammatory Analgesics,Aspirin Like Agent,Aspirin Like Agents,Non Steroidal Anti Inflammatory Agent,Non Steroidal Anti Inflammatory Agents,Nonsteroidal Anti Inflammatory Agent,Nonsteroidal Anti Inflammatory Agents,Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Agents
D013116 Spinal Cord A cylindrical column of tissue that lies within the vertebral canal. It is composed of WHITE MATTER and GRAY MATTER. Coccygeal Cord,Conus Medullaris,Conus Terminalis,Lumbar Cord,Medulla Spinalis,Myelon,Sacral Cord,Thoracic Cord,Coccygeal Cords,Conus Medullari,Conus Terminali,Cord, Coccygeal,Cord, Lumbar,Cord, Sacral,Cord, Spinal,Cord, Thoracic,Cords, Coccygeal,Cords, Lumbar,Cords, Sacral,Cords, Spinal,Cords, Thoracic,Lumbar Cords,Medulla Spinali,Medullari, Conus,Medullaris, Conus,Myelons,Sacral Cords,Spinal Cords,Spinali, Medulla,Spinalis, Medulla,Terminali, Conus,Terminalis, Conus,Thoracic Cords

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