Biomaterial Database

Cell cycle-related proteins and flow cytometry. 1990

M Danova, and A Riccardi, and G Mazzini

Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Terapia Medica, Centro di Studio Istochimica C.N.R., Pavia, Italy.

Several nuclear and surface proteins are expressed in varying amounts in the different phases of the cell cycle. For some of them the coding gene is not known and changes in their expression could simply be secondary to changes in the proliferative activity of the population. Other proteins are oncogene products, probably having a direct regulatory function in cell proliferation, differentiation and malignant transformation. Studying these proteins may both permit a better understanding of the mechanisms regulating proliferation and differentiation and provide kinetic parameters for describing the cell cycle. Based on antibodies against these proteins, bivariate flow cytometry (FCM) is able to quantitate their expression simultaneously with DNA distribution. This allows protein expression to be related precisely with each cell cycle phase in populations having different proliferative activity. Further advantages of bivariate FCM are that few cells are required for the analysis and the percentage of cells expressing the (onco) gene product can be determined. Several cellular proteins have been investigated with bivariate FCM, and the data are reviewed. Some proteins not coded by oncogenes (such as cyclin, the Ki-67 reactive antigen and DNA polymerase alpha) are expressed in cycling, but not in G0 cells and are of special interest for the kineticist, since they could identify cells which are able to initiate DNA synthesis, i.e. those representing the "growth fraction" of the population. Statin, on the contrary, is apparently expressed only in G0 cells. The expression of some proteins coded by oncogenes, such as p53 and the c-myc product is high in proliferating G1 cells and decreases with differentiation. The expression of the c-ras product is not strictly related to cell cycle phases and increases with differentiation. Technical improvements (allowing, for example, the monitoring of the changes in protein expression following the microinjection of a protein-blocking substance into the cells and the inclusion of phenotype markers into the analysis) will expand the role of bivariate FCM for these research works.

UI	MeSH Term	Description	Entries
D008565	Membrane Proteins	Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.	Cell Membrane Protein,Cell Membrane Proteins,Cell Surface Protein,Cell Surface Proteins,Integral Membrane Proteins,Membrane-Associated Protein,Surface Protein,Surface Proteins,Integral Membrane Protein,Membrane Protein,Membrane-Associated Proteins,Membrane Associated Protein,Membrane Associated Proteins,Membrane Protein, Cell,Membrane Protein, Integral,Membrane Proteins, Integral,Protein, Cell Membrane,Protein, Cell Surface,Protein, Integral Membrane,Protein, Membrane,Protein, Membrane-Associated,Protein, Surface,Proteins, Cell Membrane,Proteins, Cell Surface,Proteins, Integral Membrane,Proteins, Membrane,Proteins, Membrane-Associated,Proteins, Surface,Surface Protein, Cell
D009687	Nuclear Proteins	Proteins found in the nucleus of a cell. Do not confuse with NUCLEOPROTEINS which are proteins conjugated with nucleic acids, that are not necessarily present in the nucleus.	Nucleolar Protein,Nucleolar Proteins,Nuclear Protein,Protein, Nuclear,Protein, Nucleolar,Proteins, Nuclear,Proteins, Nucleolar
D002453	Cell Cycle	The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one CELL DIVISION and the end of the next, by which cellular material is duplicated and then divided between two daughter cells. The cell cycle includes INTERPHASE, which includes G0 PHASE; G1 PHASE; S PHASE; and G2 PHASE, and CELL DIVISION PHASE.	Cell Division Cycle,Cell Cycles,Cell Division Cycles,Cycle, Cell,Cycle, Cell Division,Cycles, Cell,Cycles, Cell Division,Division Cycle, Cell,Division Cycles, Cell
D005434	Flow Cytometry	Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake.	Cytofluorometry, Flow,Cytometry, Flow,Flow Microfluorimetry,Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting,Microfluorometry, Flow,Cell Sorting, Fluorescence-Activated,Cell Sortings, Fluorescence-Activated,Cytofluorometries, Flow,Cytometries, Flow,Flow Cytofluorometries,Flow Cytofluorometry,Flow Cytometries,Flow Microfluorometries,Flow Microfluorometry,Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting,Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sortings,Microfluorimetry, Flow,Microfluorometries, Flow,Sorting, Fluorescence-Activated Cell,Sortings, Fluorescence-Activated Cell
D006801	Humans	Members of the species Homo sapiens.	Homo sapiens,Man (Taxonomy),Human,Man, Modern,Modern Man
D000818	Animals	Unicellular or multicellular, heterotrophic organisms, that have sensation and the power of voluntary movement. Under the older five kingdom paradigm, Animalia was one of the kingdoms. Under the modern three domain model, Animalia represents one of the many groups in the domain EUKARYOTA.	Animal,Metazoa,Animalia
D015513	Oncogene Proteins	Proteins coded by oncogenes. They include proteins resulting from the fusion of an oncogene and another gene (ONCOGENE PROTEINS, FUSION).	Oncogene Products,Oncoprotein,Oncoproteins,Oncogene Product,Oncogene Protein,Product, Oncogene,Products, Oncogene,Protein, Oncogene,Proteins, Oncogene