BACKGROUND The presentation of pulmonary aspergilloma is dominated by haemoptysis, the results of medical treatment are disappointing and there is significant morbidity and mortality following surgery; the only really curative treatment. These facts emphasise the gravity of this condition. We undertook a study to estimate the current profile of the disease and its management in Senegal. METHODS A retrospective study took place between January 2004 and September 2008 including all the cases of pulmonary aspergilloma diagnosed in private practice and\or the thoracic and cardiovascular surgery service of the Fann Hospital, Dakar. RESULTS Thirty-five patient records were collected. The sex ratio was four males to one female. The average age of the patients was 43.7 years. All the patients had a history of pulmonary tuberculosis. Serology was positive for Aspergillus fumigatus at 22 patients out of 29 (75.86%). Histological examination of surgical biopsies confirmed the diagnosis in 88.46%. The treatment was essentially surgical with no recorded mortality. Nine cases of haemorrhage and eight of suppuration were reported. CONCLUSIONS Surgery remains the reference treatment for pulmonary aspergilloma. In view of the morbidity of this condition we emphasize the importance of early screening and correct treatment of tuberculosis, particularly in endemic countries, to achieve clinical cure and prevent serious after effects.