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This paper presents the data about red blood cell metabolism and the structure and function of erythrocyte membranes obtained from two cosmonauts after their 326- and 160-day flights. In both cases we observed inhibition of energy formation (decrease of the rate of glycolysis and ATP content) and enhancement of oxidative processes (decrease of reduced glutathione and activity of antioxidative enzymes). The above changes in the metabolic status of erythrocytes are correlated with shifts at the membrane level, particularly with variations of membrane lipids, phospholipid spectrum and ratios of phospholipid fractions, alteration of membrane-bound enzymes (ATPase) and increase of cell resistance to acid hemolysis. The changes in the erythrocyte membrane leading to lower cell deformability and possible shifts of blood rheological properties give evidence that it is necessary to use preventive membrane stabilization measures at certain flight stages and during readaptation.
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