Biomaterial Database

Thyroid: nuclear medicine update. 2011

Judith M Joyce, and Andrew Swihart

Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. joycejm@upmc.edu

Nuclear medicine has been used in the evaluation and treatment of benign and malignant thyroid disease since the discovery of iodine 131 ((131)I) in the 1930s. Although traditional methods of imaging are routinely used, recent advancements such as SPECT/CT and PET/CT have greatly enhanced the ability of nuclear medicine to accurately detect and localize. Guidelines for the management of thyroid cancer continue to evolve, treatment regimens selected should balance the long-term risk of disease recurrence and cumulative risks of radiation exposure, and physicians should be aware of these updates and guidelines when caring for patients with thyroid disease.

UI	MeSH Term	Description	Entries
D007457	Iodine Radioisotopes	Unstable isotopes of iodine that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. I atoms with atomic weights 117-139, except I 127, are radioactive iodine isotopes.	Radioisotopes, Iodine
D006801	Humans	Members of the species Homo sapiens.	Homo sapiens,Man (Taxonomy),Human,Man, Modern,Modern Man
D013670	Sodium Pertechnetate Tc 99m	A gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used for the diagnosis of diseases in many tissues, particularly in the gastrointestinal system, cardiovascular and cerebral circulation, brain, thyroid, and joints.	Pertechnetate Sodium,Tc 99m-Pertechnetate,Technetium Tc 99m Pertechnetate,99Tc-Pertechnetate,99TcmO4,99mTcO4,Pertechnetate,Technetium Pertechnetate,Technetium Tc 99m O(4),Technetium-99mTc-pertechnetate,99Tc Pertechnetate,99m-Pertechnetate, Tc,Pertechnetate, Technetium,Sodium, Pertechnetate,Tc 99m Pertechnetate,Technetium 99mTc pertechnetate
D013959	Thyroid Diseases	Pathological processes involving the THYROID GLAND.	Disease, Thyroid,Diseases, Thyroid,Thyroid Disease
D014057	Tomography, X-Ray Computed	Tomography using x-ray transmission and a computer algorithm to reconstruct the image.	CAT Scan, X-Ray,CT Scan, X-Ray,Cine-CT,Computerized Tomography, X-Ray,Electron Beam Computed Tomography,Tomodensitometry,Tomography, Transmission Computed,X-Ray Tomography, Computed,CAT Scan, X Ray,CT X Ray,Computed Tomography, X-Ray,Computed X Ray Tomography,Computerized Tomography, X Ray,Electron Beam Tomography,Tomography, X Ray Computed,Tomography, X-Ray Computer Assisted,Tomography, X-Ray Computerized,Tomography, X-Ray Computerized Axial,Tomography, Xray Computed,X Ray Computerized Tomography,X Ray Tomography, Computed,X-Ray Computer Assisted Tomography,X-Ray Computerized Axial Tomography,Beam Tomography, Electron,CAT Scans, X-Ray,CT Scan, X Ray,CT Scans, X-Ray,CT X Rays,Cine CT,Computed Tomography, Transmission,Computed Tomography, X Ray,Computed Tomography, Xray,Computed X-Ray Tomography,Scan, X-Ray CAT,Scan, X-Ray CT,Scans, X-Ray CAT,Scans, X-Ray CT,Tomographies, Computed X-Ray,Tomography, Computed X-Ray,Tomography, Electron Beam,Tomography, X Ray Computer Assisted,Tomography, X Ray Computerized,Tomography, X Ray Computerized Axial,Transmission Computed Tomography,X Ray Computer Assisted Tomography,X Ray Computerized Axial Tomography,X Ray, CT,X Rays, CT,X-Ray CAT Scan,X-Ray CAT Scans,X-Ray CT Scan,X-Ray CT Scans,X-Ray Computed Tomography,X-Ray Computerized Tomography,Xray Computed Tomography
D015899	Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon	A method of computed tomography that uses radionuclides which emit a single photon of a given energy. The camera is rotated 180 or 360 degrees around the patient to capture images at multiple positions along the arc. The computer is then used to reconstruct the transaxial, sagittal, and coronal images from the 3-dimensional distribution of radionuclides in the organ. The advantages of SPECT are that it can be used to observe biochemical and physiological processes as well as size and volume of the organ. The disadvantage is that, unlike positron-emission tomography where the positron-electron annihilation results in the emission of 2 photons at 180 degrees from each other, SPECT requires physical collimation to line up the photons, which results in the loss of many available photons and hence degrades the image.	CAT Scan, Single-Photon Emission,CT Scan, Single-Photon Emission,Radionuclide Tomography, Single-Photon Emission-Computed,SPECT,Single-Photon Emission-Computed Tomography,Tomography, Single-Photon, Emission-Computed,Single-Photon Emission CT Scan,Single-Photon Emission Computer-Assisted Tomography,Single-Photon Emission Computerized Tomography,CAT Scan, Single Photon Emission,CT Scan, Single Photon Emission,Emission-Computed Tomography, Single-Photon,Radionuclide Tomography, Single Photon Emission Computed,Single Photon Emission CT Scan,Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography,Single Photon Emission Computer Assisted Tomography,Single Photon Emission Computerized Tomography,Tomography, Single-Photon Emission-Computed
D015902	Gamma Cameras	Electronic instruments that produce photographs or cathode-ray tube images of the gamma-ray emissions from organs containing radionuclide tracers.	Scintillation Cameras,Nuclear Cameras,Scinti-Cameras,Camera, Gamma,Camera, Nuclear,Camera, Scintillation,Cameras, Gamma,Cameras, Nuclear,Cameras, Scintillation,Gamma Camera,Nuclear Camera,Scinti Cameras,Scinti-Camera,Scintillation Camera
D049268	Positron-Emission Tomography	An imaging technique using compounds labelled with short-lived positron-emitting radionuclides (such as carbon-11, nitrogen-13, oxygen-15 and fluorine-18) to measure cell metabolism. It has been useful in study of soft tissues such as CANCER; CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM; and brain. SINGLE-PHOTON EMISSION-COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY is closely related to positron emission tomography, but uses isotopes with longer half-lives and resolution is lower.	PET Imaging,PET Scan,Positron-Emission Tomography Imaging,Tomography, Positron-Emission,Imaging, PET,Imaging, Positron-Emission Tomography,PET Imagings,PET Scans,Positron Emission Tomography,Positron Emission Tomography Imaging,Positron-Emission Tomography Imagings,Scan, PET,Tomography Imaging, Positron-Emission,Tomography, Positron Emission
D019275	Radiopharmaceuticals	Compounds that are used in medicine as sources of radiation for radiotherapy and for diagnostic purposes. They have numerous uses in research and industry. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1161)	Radiopharmaceutical
D019788	Fluorodeoxyglucose F18	The compound is given by intravenous injection to do POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY for the assessment of cerebral and myocardial glucose metabolism in various physiological or pathological states including stroke and myocardial ischemia. It is also employed for the detection of malignant tumors including those of the brain, liver, and thyroid gland. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1162)	18F Fluorodeoxyglucose,18FDG,2-Fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose,2-Fluoro-2-deoxyglucose,Fludeoxyglucose F 18,18F-FDG,Fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose,Fluorodeoxyglucose F 18,2 Fluoro 2 deoxy D glucose,2 Fluoro 2 deoxyglucose,F 18, Fludeoxyglucose,F 18, Fluorodeoxyglucose,F18, Fluorodeoxyglucose,Fluorine 18 fluorodeoxyglucose,Fluorodeoxyglucose, 18F