Tumor markers in breast cancer--evaluation of their clinical usefulness. 2011

Petra Marić, and Petar Ozretić, and Sonja Levanat, and Slavko Oresković, and Katarina Antunac, and Lidija Beketić-Oresković
University of Zagreb, University Hospital for Tumors, School of Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, Zagreb, Croatia.

Breast cancer is the most common neoplasm affecting women in the Western world. Many studies are still conducted with the purpose of finding markers that could be used for early diagnosis and/or serve as possible reliable prognostic or predictive parameters, but with conflicting results. At present, no markers are available for an early diagnosis of breast cancer For surveillance of patients with diagnosed breast cancer the most widely used serum markers are CA 15-3 and CEA which, in combination with other clinical parameters, could have clinical significance. The most useful and clinically important tissue-based markers in breast cancer are estrogen and progesterone receptors, used as a basis for hormonal therapy, and HER-2 receptors, essential in selecting patients for the treatment with Herceptin. New or potentially new markers for breast cancer include BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes for selecting patients at high risk of developing hereditary breast cancer, as well as urokinase plasminogen activator and inhibitor for assessing prognosis in lymph node-negative patients. Results of tumor and patient genetic analyses including their clinical evaluation will enable application of more individualized and personalized approach in diagnosis and therapy of breast cancer patients.

UI MeSH Term Description Entries
D001943 Breast Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST. Breast Cancer,Breast Tumors,Cancer of Breast,Breast Carcinoma,Cancer of the Breast,Human Mammary Carcinoma,Malignant Neoplasm of Breast,Malignant Tumor of Breast,Mammary Cancer,Mammary Carcinoma, Human,Mammary Neoplasm, Human,Mammary Neoplasms, Human,Neoplasms, Breast,Tumors, Breast,Breast Carcinomas,Breast Malignant Neoplasm,Breast Malignant Neoplasms,Breast Malignant Tumor,Breast Malignant Tumors,Breast Neoplasm,Breast Tumor,Cancer, Breast,Cancer, Mammary,Cancers, Mammary,Carcinoma, Breast,Carcinoma, Human Mammary,Carcinomas, Breast,Carcinomas, Human Mammary,Human Mammary Carcinomas,Human Mammary Neoplasm,Human Mammary Neoplasms,Mammary Cancers,Mammary Carcinomas, Human,Neoplasm, Breast,Neoplasm, Human Mammary,Neoplasms, Human Mammary,Tumor, Breast
D005260 Female Females
D006801 Humans Members of the species Homo sapiens. Homo sapiens,Man (Taxonomy),Human,Man, Modern,Modern Man
D014408 Biomarkers, Tumor Molecular products metabolized and secreted by neoplastic tissue and characterized biochemically in cells or BODY FLUIDS. They are indicators of tumor stage and grade as well as useful for monitoring responses to treatment and predicting recurrence. Many chemical groups are represented including HORMONES; ANTIGENS; amino and NUCLEIC ACIDS; ENZYMES; POLYAMINES; and specific CELL MEMBRANE PROTEINS and LIPIDS. Biochemical Tumor Marker,Cancer Biomarker,Carcinogen Markers,Markers, Tumor,Metabolite Markers, Neoplasm,Tumor Biomarker,Tumor Marker,Tumor Markers, Biochemical,Tumor Markers, Biological,Biochemical Tumor Markers,Biological Tumor Marker,Biological Tumor Markers,Biomarkers, Cancer,Marker, Biochemical Tumor,Marker, Biologic Tumor,Marker, Biological Tumor,Marker, Neoplasm Metabolite,Marker, Tumor Metabolite,Markers, Biochemical Tumor,Markers, Biological Tumor,Markers, Neoplasm Metabolite,Markers, Tumor Metabolite,Metabolite Markers, Tumor,Neoplasm Metabolite Markers,Tumor Markers, Biologic,Tumor Metabolite Marker,Biologic Tumor Marker,Biologic Tumor Markers,Biomarker, Cancer,Biomarker, Tumor,Cancer Biomarkers,Marker, Tumor,Markers, Biologic Tumor,Markers, Carcinogen,Metabolite Marker, Neoplasm,Metabolite Marker, Tumor,Neoplasm Metabolite Marker,Tumor Biomarkers,Tumor Marker, Biochemical,Tumor Marker, Biologic,Tumor Marker, Biological,Tumor Markers,Tumor Metabolite Markers
D018719 Receptor, ErbB-2 A cell surface protein-tyrosine kinase receptor that is overexpressed in a variety of ADENOCARCINOMAS. It has extensive homology to and heterodimerizes with the EGF RECEPTOR, the ERBB-3 RECEPTOR, and the ERBB-4 RECEPTOR. Activation of the erbB-2 receptor occurs through heterodimer formation with a ligand-bound erbB receptor family member. HER-2 Proto-Oncogene Protein,Proto-Oncogene Protein HER-2,Proto-Oncogene Protein p185(neu),c-erbB-2 Protein,erbB-2 Proto-Oncogene Protein,erbB-2 Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinase,neu Proto-Oncogene Protein,Antigens, CD340,CD340 Antigen,Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases,Metastatic Lymph Node Gene 19 Protein,Neu Receptor,Oncogene Protein HER-2,Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-erbB-2,Proto-oncogene Protein Neu,Receptor, Neu,Receptors, erbB-2,Tyrosine Kinase-type Cell Surface Receptor HER2,p185(c-neu),p185erbB2 Protein,CD340 Antigens,Erb b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases,ErbB-2 Receptor,HER 2 Proto Oncogene Protein,Oncogene Protein HER 2,Proto Oncogene Protein HER 2,Proto Oncogene Proteins c erbB 2,Proto-Oncogene Protein, HER-2,Proto-Oncogene Protein, erbB-2,Proto-Oncogene Protein, neu,Tyrosine Kinase type Cell Surface Receptor HER2,c erbB 2 Protein,erbB 2 Proto Oncogene Protein,erbB 2 Receptor Protein Tyrosine Kinase,erbB-2 Receptors,neu Proto Oncogene Protein
D019313 BRCA1 Protein The phosphoprotein encoded by the BRCA1 gene (GENE, BRCA1). It contains an N-terminal RING FINGER DOMAIN and is a PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE 1 regulatory subunit. In normal cells the BRCA1 protein is localized in the nucleus, whereas in the majority of breast cancer cell lines and in malignant pleural effusions from breast cancer patients, it is localized mainly in the cytoplasm. (Science 1995;270(5237):713,789-91) BRCA1 Gene Product,Breast Cancer 1 Gene Product,Breast Cancer 1 Protein,Breast Cancer Type 1 Susceptibility Protein,Ring Finger Protein 53
D024682 BRCA2 Protein A large, nuclear protein, encoded by the BRCA2 gene (GENE, BRCA2). Mutations in this gene predispose humans to breast and ovarian cancer. The BRCA2 protein is an essential component of DNA repair pathways, suppressing the formation of gross chromosomal rearrangements. (from Genes Dev. 2000;14(11):1400-6) Breast Cancer 2 Gene Product,Fanconi Anemia Complementation Group D1 Protein,BRCA2 Gene Product,Breast Cancer 2 Protein,FANCD1 Protein,Fanconi Anemia Group D1 Complementing Protein,Fanconi Anemia Group D1 Protein

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