Surgical resection has failed notably as definitive treatment for small cell carcinoma of the lung. Newer treatment programs combining intensive chemotherapy with radiation therapy achieve a significant response in about 85 percent of cases, with about 50 percent of patients showing clinically complete remission. Long-term survival without recurrence has been the outcome in a small minority of cases. A frequent mode of failure after treatment of limited disease is recurrence within the chest. The course of one patient treated early in this series suggests that exclusion of initial surgical resection from programs of combined treatment may be a serious omission. Since that time, four patients have undergone initial resection, apparently with uniformly favorable courses to date. Selection criteria based on staging factors are proposed. Admittedly, only a minority of patients will be suitable for this treatment at the time of first diagnosis. Much opportunity exists for improvement in survival rates of patients, even those with limited disease.