Anatomical and histological equivalence of the human, canine, and bull vas deferens. 2011

Dean E Leocadio, and Allen R Kunselman, and Timothy Cooper, and Jairo H Barrantes, and J C Trussell
Department of Urology, State University of New York at Upstate, Syracuse, 13210, USA.

BACKGROUND Several animal models have been utilized for in-vitro experimentation and surgical training exercises of the vas deferens. The canine model is currently the standard for both in-vivo and ex-vivo study. Due to increasing costs associated with experimentation on canines, and in keeping with the principles of refine, reduce, and replace, a novel model that is cost-effective and easily obtained is desired. We compared morphology of the bull vas deferens to that of the human and the canine. METHODS Bilateral vas deferens tissue from the human (n = 6), canine (n = 6), and bull (n = 5) were compared. Outer diameter (OD), inner diameter (ID), and microscopic measurements of the luminal mucosa and muscularis were then determined from each of these tissues. Histological comparisons were performed by a single pathologist. Data was analyzed using Two One-sided Tests (TOST) Analysis of Equivalence. RESULTS According to the TOST statistical analysis, the vassal ID was equivalent for all three species. Similarly, equivalent microscopic measurements were noted for both vassal mucosal (human-canine and human-bull) and muscularis thicknesses (canine-bull). Lastly, all three species had similar histological characteristics. CONCLUSIONS The vas deferens' of the human, canine, and bull are equivalent in many ways, including histological similarities. It is reasonable to conclude that the bull vas could be substituted for the human vas for both in-vitro testing and microscopic vasovasostomy simulation exercises. Specimens are cost-effective, provide ample tissue length, and are easy to obtain.

UI MeSH Term Description Entries
D008297 Male Males
D002417 Cattle Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor. Beef Cow,Bos grunniens,Bos indicus,Bos indicus Cattle,Bos taurus,Cow,Cow, Domestic,Dairy Cow,Holstein Cow,Indicine Cattle,Taurine Cattle,Taurus Cattle,Yak,Zebu,Beef Cows,Bos indicus Cattles,Cattle, Bos indicus,Cattle, Indicine,Cattle, Taurine,Cattle, Taurus,Cattles, Bos indicus,Cattles, Indicine,Cattles, Taurine,Cattles, Taurus,Cow, Beef,Cow, Dairy,Cow, Holstein,Cows,Dairy Cows,Domestic Cow,Domestic Cows,Indicine Cattles,Taurine Cattles,Taurus Cattles,Yaks,Zebus
D003362 Cost-Benefit Analysis A method of comparing the cost of a program with its expected benefits in dollars (or other currency). The benefit-to-cost ratio is a measure of total return expected per unit of money spent. This analysis generally excludes consideration of factors that are not measured ultimately in economic terms. In contrast a cost effectiveness in general compares cost with qualitative outcomes. Cost and Benefit,Cost-Benefit Data,Benefits and Costs,Cost Benefit,Cost Benefit Analysis,Cost-Utility Analysis,Costs and Benefits,Economic Evaluation,Marginal Analysis,Analyses, Cost Benefit,Analysis, Cost Benefit,Analysis, Cost-Benefit,Analysis, Cost-Utility,Analysis, Marginal,Benefit and Cost,Cost Benefit Analyses,Cost Benefit Data,Cost Utility Analysis,Cost-Benefit Analyses,Cost-Utility Analyses,Data, Cost-Benefit,Economic Evaluations,Evaluation, Economic,Marginal Analyses
D004285 Dogs The domestic dog, Canis familiaris, comprising about 400 breeds, of the carnivore family CANIDAE. They are worldwide in distribution and live in association with people. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1065) Canis familiaris,Dog
D006801 Humans Members of the species Homo sapiens. Homo sapiens,Man (Taxonomy),Human,Man, Modern,Modern Man
D000818 Animals Unicellular or multicellular, heterotrophic organisms, that have sensation and the power of voluntary movement. Under the older five kingdom paradigm, Animalia was one of the kingdoms. Under the modern three domain model, Animalia represents one of the many groups in the domain EUKARYOTA. Animal,Metazoa,Animalia
D013045 Species Specificity The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species. Species Specificities,Specificities, Species,Specificity, Species
D013521 Urologic Surgical Procedures, Male Surgery performed on the male genitalia. Male Urologic Surgery,Male Urologic Surgical Procedure,Male Urologic Surgical Procedures,Male Urological Surgical Procedure,Male Urological Surgical Procedures,Procedure, Urologic Surgical, Male,Procedure, Urological Surgical, Male,Procedures, Urologic Surgical, Male,Procedures, Urological Surgical, Male,Surgery, Male Urologic,Surgical Procedure, Urologic, Male,Surgical Procedure, Urological, Male,Surgical Procedures, Urologic, Male,Surgical Procedures, Urological, Male,Urologic Surgery, Male,Urologic Surgical Procedure, Male,Urological Surgery, Male,Urological Surgical Procedure, Male,Urological Surgical Procedures, Male,Male Urological Surgery,Surgery, Male Urological
D014649 Vas Deferens The excretory duct of the testes that carries SPERMATOZOA. It rises from the SCROTUM and joins the SEMINAL VESICLES to form the ejaculatory duct. Ductus Deferens,Deferens, Ductus,Deferens, Vas
D014669 Vasovasostomy Surgical anastomosis or fistulization of the spermatic ducts to restore fertility in a previously vasectomized male. Vasectomy Reversal,Vasostomy,Reversal, Vasectomy,Reversals, Vasectomy,Vasectomy Reversals,Vasostomies,Vasovasostomies

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