Biomaterial Database

HIV-1 reverse transcriptase connection subdomain mutations involved in resistance to approved non-nucleoside inhibitors. 2011

Luis Menéndez-Arias, and Gilberto Betancor, and Tania Matamoros

Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas & Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), c/Nicolás Cabrera 1, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain. lmenendez@cbm.uam.es

The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase (RT) is a major target of antiretroviral intervention. Non-nucleoside RT inhibitors (NNRTIs) bind to a hydrophobic pocket located away from the DNA polymerase catalytic site of the RT. Approved NNRTIs are nevirapine, delavirdine, efavirenz, etravirine and rilpivirine. This review describes how these inhibitors affect RT function, the structural basis of NNRTI binding, and the role of specific amino acid substitutions at the NNRTI binding pocket in the acquisition of high-level drug resistance. However, two or more amino acid substitutions are required to achieve >20-fold decreased susceptibility to recently developed NNRTIs such as etravirine or rilpivirine, in phenotypic assays. While genotypic analysis of HIV-1 isolates in infected patients is usually restricted to residues 1-250 of the RT, recent reports indicate that several residues in the connection subdomain of the RT (comprising residues 319-426) could also modulate NNRTI resistance. Examples are Y318F or W, N348I, A376S and T369I or V. Tyr-318 participates in NNRTI binding, but other amino acid substitutions in the connection subdomain may affect resistance through an indirect mechanism. Studies on the effects of N348I and A376S on NNRTI resistance indicate that these changes could affect inhibitor binding by altering the interaction between RT subunits or between the RT and the template-primer. Moreover, those mutations could also modulate RNase H activity not only during DNA strand elongation, but also at the initiation of plus strand DNA synthesis as demonstrated for the N348I mutation.

UI	MeSH Term	Description	Entries
D008958	Models, Molecular	Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.	Molecular Models,Model, Molecular,Molecular Model
D011485	Protein Binding	The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.	Plasma Protein Binding Capacity,Binding, Protein
D015497	HIV-1	The type species of LENTIVIRUS and the etiologic agent of AIDS. It is characterized by its cytopathic effect and affinity for the T4-lymphocyte.	Human immunodeficiency virus 1,HIV-I,Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1,Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1, Human
D050505	Mutant Proteins	Proteins produced from GENES that have acquired MUTATIONS.	Mutant Protein,Protein, Mutant,Proteins, Mutant
D054303	HIV Reverse Transcriptase	A reverse transcriptase encoded by the POL GENE of HIV. It is a heterodimer of 66 kDa and 51 kDa subunits that are derived from a common precursor protein. The heterodimer also includes an RNAse H activity (RIBONUCLEASE H, HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS) that plays an essential role the viral replication process.	Reverse Transcriptase, HIV,Reverse Transcriptase, Human Immunodeficiency Virus,Transcriptase, HIV Reverse
D018894	Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors	Inhibitors of reverse transcriptase (RNA-DIRECTED DNA POLYMERASE), an enzyme that synthesizes DNA on an RNA template.	Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor,Inhibitors, Reverse Transcriptase,Inhibitor, Reverse Transcriptase,Transcriptase Inhibitor, Reverse
D019380	Anti-HIV Agents	Agents used to treat AIDS and/or stop the spread of the HIV infection. These do not include drugs used to treat symptoms or opportunistic infections associated with AIDS.	AIDS Drug,AIDS Drugs,Anti-AIDS Agents,Anti-AIDS Drug,Anti-HIV Agent,Anti-HIV Drug,Anti-AIDS Drugs,Anti-HIV Drugs,Agent, Anti-HIV,Agents, Anti-AIDS,Agents, Anti-HIV,Anti AIDS Agents,Anti AIDS Drug,Anti AIDS Drugs,Anti HIV Agent,Anti HIV Agents,Anti HIV Drug,Anti HIV Drugs,Drug, AIDS,Drug, Anti-AIDS,Drug, Anti-HIV,Drugs, AIDS,Drugs, Anti-AIDS,Drugs, Anti-HIV
D020125	Mutation, Missense	A mutation in which a codon is mutated to one directing the incorporation of a different amino acid. This substitution may result in an inactive or unstable product. (From A Dictionary of Genetics, King & Stansfield, 5th ed)	Missense Mutation,Missense Mutations,Mutations, Missense
D024882	Drug Resistance, Viral	The ability of viruses to resist or to become tolerant to chemotherapeutic agents or antiviral agents. This resistance is acquired through gene mutation.	Antiviral Drug Resistance,Antiviral Drug Resistances,Drug Resistances, Viral