Surgeons have been aware of the detrimental effect of ischemia and hypoxia on healing tissues. In order to assist repair in such circumstances, a variety of modalities including revascularization, flaps, and hyperbaric O2 have been developed. Although these are apparently successful from a clinical standpoint, only recently has experimental evidence demonstrated conclusively that oxygen is a controlling factor in wound repair. Furthermore, it is now clear that traditional expectations of repair can often be exceeded by increasing the partial pressure at which oxygen is supplied to wounds.