The important role that elastin plays in the development and proper function of lung has long been recognized. Also, the intimate connection between pulmonary emphysema and the destruction of alveolar elastin has been well established. Understanding the mechanisms regulating pulmonary elastin synthesis is crucial to fully understanding these normal and pathological processes. In this article, we review recent literature on elastin structure, the elastin gene and its multiple RNA transcripts, and the different tropoelastin isoforms that are translated from these mRNAs. The similarity of lung and aortic elastin and the cellular origin of lung elastin are also discussed. We next examine the few studies addressing regulation of elastin expression during lung development, maturation, and aging. The search for modulators of pulmonary elastogenesis, which has yielded mostly negative results, is then reviewed. Finally, we present a cell culture model that has been developed to study the molecular basis of lung injury in pulmonary emphysema.