Biomaterial Database

Inflammatory markers in coronary heart disease. 2011

Mohammad Madjid, and James T Willerson

Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX, USA.

BACKGROUND Inflammation plays a key role in the development of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease (CHD). METHODS Peer-reviewed studies published in English-language journals were reviewed with a focus on C-reactive protein (CRP) and lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A(2) (Lp-PLA2). RESULTS Elevated levels of serum CRP and Lp-PLA2 are associated with an increased risk of incident CHD events in both primary and secondary prevention studies across a wide range of age, gender and ethnic groups. RESULTS The utility of inflammatory markers in predicting CHD risk when added to traditional risk factors is under debate. They are most useful in subjects in the intermediate-risk category. CONCLUSIONS Treatment with a statin in subjects with elevated CRP but without hyperlipidemia can reduce the risk of CHD. CONCLUSIONS Extensive research is under way to identify additional novel serum markers with higher specificity for coronary artery plaque inflammation. Specific inhibitors against vascular inflammation in combination with medications to lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, i.e. statins, may help prevent cardiovascular events in the future.

UI	MeSH Term	Description	Entries
D002097	C-Reactive Protein	A plasma protein that circulates in increased amounts during inflammation and after tissue damage. C-Reactive Protein measured by more sensitive methods often for coronary heart disease risk assessment is referred to as High Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (hs-CRP).	High Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein,hs-CRP,hsCRP,C Reactive Protein,High Sensitivity C Reactive Protein
D003327	Coronary Disease	An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.	Coronary Heart Disease,Coronary Diseases,Coronary Heart Diseases,Disease, Coronary,Disease, Coronary Heart,Diseases, Coronary,Diseases, Coronary Heart,Heart Disease, Coronary,Heart Diseases, Coronary
D006801	Humans	Members of the species Homo sapiens.	Homo sapiens,Man (Taxonomy),Human,Man, Modern,Modern Man
D015415	Biomarkers	Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE and its effects, disease diagnosis; METABOLIC PROCESSES; SUBSTANCE ABUSE; PREGNANCY; cell line development; EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES; etc.	Biochemical Markers,Biological Markers,Biomarker,Clinical Markers,Immunologic Markers,Laboratory Markers,Markers, Biochemical,Markers, Biological,Markers, Clinical,Markers, Immunologic,Markers, Laboratory,Markers, Serum,Markers, Surrogate,Markers, Viral,Serum Markers,Surrogate Markers,Viral Markers,Biochemical Marker,Biologic Marker,Biologic Markers,Clinical Marker,Immune Marker,Immune Markers,Immunologic Marker,Laboratory Marker,Marker, Biochemical,Marker, Biological,Marker, Clinical,Marker, Immunologic,Marker, Laboratory,Marker, Serum,Marker, Surrogate,Serum Marker,Surrogate End Point,Surrogate End Points,Surrogate Endpoint,Surrogate Endpoints,Surrogate Marker,Viral Marker,Biological Marker,End Point, Surrogate,End Points, Surrogate,Endpoint, Surrogate,Endpoints, Surrogate,Marker, Biologic,Marker, Immune,Marker, Viral,Markers, Biologic,Markers, Immune
D043203	1-Alkyl-2-acetylglycerophosphocholine Esterase	A lipoprotein-associated PHOSPHOLIPASE A2 which modulates the action of PLATELET ACTIVATING FACTOR by hydrolyzing the SN-2 ester bond to yield the biologically inactive lyso-platelet-activating factor. It has specificity for phospholipid substrates with short-chain residues at the SN-2 position, but inactive against long-chain phospholipids. Deficiency in this enzyme is associated with many diseases including ASTHMA, and HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA.	PAF Acetylhydrolase,Platelet-Activating Factor Hydrolase,Lipoprotein-Associated Phospholipase A(2),Lipoprotein-Associated Phospholipase A2,Lp-PLA(2),Lp-PLA2,PAF 2-Acetylhydrolase,PAF 2-Acylhydrolase,PAF Acetylhydrolase II,Platelet-activating Factor Acetylhydrolase IB,1 Alkyl 2 acetylglycerophosphocholine Esterase,2-Acetylhydrolase, PAF,Acetylhydrolase II, PAF,Acetylhydrolase, PAF,Esterase, 1-Alkyl-2-acetylglycerophosphocholine,Factor Hydrolase, Platelet-Activating,Hydrolase, Platelet-Activating Factor,Lipoprotein Associated Phospholipase A2,Lp PLA2,PAF 2 Acetylhydrolase,PAF 2 Acylhydrolase,Phospholipase A2, Lipoprotein-Associated,Platelet Activating Factor Hydrolase,Platelet activating Factor Acetylhydrolase IB
D018570	Risk Assessment	The qualitative or quantitative estimation of the likelihood of adverse effects that may result from exposure to specified health hazards or from the absence of beneficial influences. (Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 1988)	Assessment, Risk,Benefit-Risk Assessment,Risk Analysis,Risk-Benefit Assessment,Health Risk Assessment,Risks and Benefits,Analysis, Risk,Assessment, Benefit-Risk,Assessment, Health Risk,Assessment, Risk-Benefit,Benefit Risk Assessment,Benefit-Risk Assessments,Benefits and Risks,Health Risk Assessments,Risk Analyses,Risk Assessment, Health,Risk Assessments,Risk Benefit Assessment,Risk-Benefit Assessments
D018836	Inflammation Mediators	The endogenous compounds that mediate inflammation (AUTACOIDS) and related exogenous compounds including the synthetic prostaglandins (PROSTAGLANDINS, SYNTHETIC).	Mediators of Inflammation,Mediators, Inflammation
D019161	Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors	Compounds that inhibit HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES. They have been shown to directly lower CHOLESTEROL synthesis.	HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitor,HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors,Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitor,Statin,Statins, HMG-CoA,Inhibitors, HMG-CoA Reductase,Inhibitors, Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA,Inhibitors, Hydroxymethylglutaryl-Coenzyme A,Statins,HMG CoA Reductase Inhibitor,HMG CoA Reductase Inhibitors,HMG-CoA Statins,Hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA Reductase Inhibitor,Hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA Reductase Inhibitors,Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Inhibitors,Hydroxymethylglutaryl-Coenzyme A Inhibitors,Inhibitors, HMG CoA Reductase,Inhibitors, Hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA,Inhibitors, Hydroxymethylglutaryl Coenzyme A,Inhibitors, Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase,Reductase Inhibitor, Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA,Reductase Inhibitors, HMG-CoA,Reductase Inhibitors, Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA,Statins, HMG CoA