Bitter taste inhibiting agents for whey protein hydrolysate and whey protein hydrolysate beverages. 2012

Pattarin Leksrisompong, and Patrick Gerard, and Kannapon Lopetcharat, and MaryAnne Drake
Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.

Whey protein hydrolysates (WPH) are known for bioactivity and functionality, but WPH also have a distinct bitter taste. Identification of effective bitter taste inhibiting agents for WPH would broaden the use of this ingredient. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of 24 documented bitter taste inhibitors for WPH. Two spray-dried WPH with different levels of hydrolysis (DH) were evaluated with each potential inhibitor. Quinine hydrochloride (quinine) was presented as a control with each WPH. Percent bitter taste inhibition was reported relative to quinine bitterness. Effective bitter taste inhibitors were subsequently evaluated in WPH beverages with vanilla and chocolate flavoring followed by descriptive analysis. The compounds evaluated did not inhibit bitter taste of quinine and the 2 WPH in a similar manner (P < 0.05). Effective bitter taste inhibitors (P < 0.05) of both WPH were sucralose, fructose, sucrose, adenosine 5' monophosphate (5'AMP), adenosine 5'monophosphate disodium (5'AMP Na(2) ), sodium acetate, monosodium glutamate, and sodium gluconate. Sodium chloride inhibited bitter taste of WPH with high DH but not WPH with low DH. Amino acids (l-Lysine, l-arginine) inhibited bitter taste of quinine but not WPH. All effective inhibitors in rehydrated WPH were also effective in the beverage applications. Sweeteners (fructose, sucralose, and sucrose) enhanced vanilla and chocolate flavors in beverages. Most salts and a nucleotide, while effective for bitter taste inhibition, suppressed vanilla and chocolate flavors and potentiated other flavors (that is, sour aromatic), and basic tastes (salty, sour). CONCLUSIONS The bitter taste of whey protein hydrolysates (WPH) limits their use as ingredients. This study identified effective bitter taste inhibitors of WPH with different peptide composition and provides insights for effective bitter inhibitors for product applications with WPH.

UI MeSH Term Description Entries
D008239 Lysine An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed. Enisyl,L-Lysine,Lysine Acetate,Lysine Hydrochloride,Acetate, Lysine,L Lysine
D008297 Male Males
D008875 Middle Aged An adult aged 45 - 64 years. Middle Age
D008894 Milk Proteins The major protein constituents of milk are CASEINS and whey proteins such as LACTALBUMIN and LACTOGLOBULINS. IMMUNOGLOBULINS occur in high concentrations in COLOSTRUM and in relatively lower concentrations in milk. (Singleton and Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed, p554) Milk Protein,Protein, Milk,Proteins, Milk
D011492 Protein Hydrolysates A complex mixture of OLIGOPEPTIDES, PEPTIDES, and free AMINO ACIDS that are produced by partial or extensive hydrolysis. Protein Hydrolysate,Hydrolysate, Protein,Hydrolysates, Protein
D011803 Quinine An alkaloid derived from the bark of the cinchona tree. It is used as an antimalarial drug, and is the active ingredient in extracts of the cinchona that have been used for that purpose since before 1633. Quinine is also a mild antipyretic and analgesic and has been used in common cold preparations for that purpose. It was used commonly and as a bitter and flavoring agent, and is still useful for the treatment of babesiosis. Quinine is also useful in some muscular disorders, especially nocturnal leg cramps and myotonia congenita, because of its direct effects on muscle membrane and sodium channels. The mechanisms of its antimalarial effects are not well understood. Biquinate,Legatrim,Myoquin,Quinamm,Quinbisan,Quinbisul,Quindan,Quinimax,Quinine Bisulfate,Quinine Hydrochloride,Quinine Lafran,Quinine Sulfate,Quinine Sulphate,Quinine-Odan,Quinoctal,Quinson,Quinsul,Strema,Surquina,Bisulfate, Quinine,Hydrochloride, Quinine,Sulfate, Quinine,Sulphate, Quinine
D002099 Cacao A tree of the family MALVACEAE, order MALVALES, whose seeds are processed to yield cocoa and CHOCOLATE. Cocoa Plant,Theobroma,Theobroma cacao,Plant, Cocoa
D005260 Female Females
D005503 Food Additives Substances used in the processing or storage of foods or animal feed including ANTIOXIDANTS; FOOD PRESERVATIVES; FOOD COLORING AGENTS; FLAVORING AGENTS; ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS; EXCIPIENTS and other similarly used substances. Many of the same substances are used as PHARMACEUTIC AIDS. Additive, Food,Additives, Food,Food Additive
D005632 Fructose A monosaccharide in sweet fruits and honey that is soluble in water, alcohol, or ether. It is used as a preservative and an intravenous infusion in parenteral feeding. Levulose,Apir Levulosa,Fleboplast Levulosa,Levulosa,Levulosa Baxter,Levulosa Braun,Levulosa Grifols,Levulosa Ibys,Levulosa Ife,Levulosa Mein,Levulosado Bieffe Medit,Levulosado Braun,Levulosado Vitulia,Plast Apyr Levulosa Mein,Levulosa, Apir,Levulosa, Fleboplast

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