This paper provides a critical overview of the literature on the relationship between psychological/psychopathological factors and metabolic control in children and adolescents with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). We discuss studies on individual and family psychopathological factors, as well as reports on the effects of psychoeducational/psychotherapeutic interventions on glycemic control in patients with IDDM aged <18 years. The analysis of the literature indicates that while evidence on the relationship between individual factors and metabolic control is still mixed, in part due to methodological issues, results from family studies do suggest that patients in dysfunctional families and children of parents with high degrees of psychopathology present with poor glycemic control. As for the effects of psychoeducational/psychotherapeutic interventions, limited but increasing evidence shows that they can actually contribute to improve metabolic control. We finally suggest some future underexplored avenues of research in the field, including studies on the psychopathological and neurobiological mechanisms underlying the above mentioned findings. All this body of research should provide a strong empirical rationale for allocating resources in order to include psychiatrists within the interdisciplinary diabetes health care team.