Five cases of carcinoma of the gallbladder associated with nonsurgical treatment of cholelithiasis are presented in view of the recent interest in gallbladder-preserving procedures. Three patients developed gallbladder cancer that was diagnosed 4, 11, and 72 years, respectively, after cholecystostomy. One other patient had gallbladder carcinoma diagnosed 7 months after extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy for common bile duct stones. The tumor was probably present but not identified at the time of lithotripsy. The last patient had undiagnosed gallbladder malignancy at the time of cholecystostomy for treatment of acute calculous cholecystitis. Gallbladder carcinoma has been reported in 1% of patients undergoing cholecystectomy, and the risk of carcinoma developing in patients with asymptomatic cholelithiasis has been estimated at less than 1%. These figures should not diminish the role of gallbladder-preserving treatments in elderly and selected high-risk patients for whom cholecystectomy may be hazardous. However, such patients must undergo a thorough imaging assessment both before and after treatment to ensure that a gallbladder carcinoma is not overlooked.