Photodynamic inactivation of primary human fibroblasts by methylene blue and toluidine blue O. 2012

Nasim Kashef, and Gita Ravaei Sharif Abadi, and Gholamreza Esmaeeli Djavid
Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Kashefn@khayam.ut.ac.ir

BACKGROUND An important determinant of the clinical applicability and value of antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (PDI) is the cytotoxicity of the treatment to human cells. We evaluated the in vitro cytotoxicity of PDI to primary human fibroblasts using methylene blue (MB) and toluidine blue O (TBO) as the photosensitizers. METHODS The primary human fibroblasts were exposed to PDI regimes that were used for the inactivation of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and multi-drug resistant Escherichia coli (MDR E. coli). Mitochondrial activity subsequent to exposure was evaluated after 24h using the methylthiazoletetrazolium assay and compared to pretreatment values. RESULTS Mitochondrial activity of primary human fibroblasts was reduced by 27% after exposure to light (163.8 J/cm(2)) and MB (50 μg/ml). At a TBO concentration previously demonstrated to induce 99.91% and 83.2% reduction in a viable count for MRSA and MDR E. coli, respectively, 39.6% of the fibroblasts were photo-inactivated. CONCLUSIONS Our findings showed that MB/TBO-PDI did not induce significant cytotoxic effects on human fibroblasts in culture.

UI MeSH Term Description Entries
D008751 Methylene Blue A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN. Methylthionine Chloride,Swiss Blue,Basic Blue 9,Chromosmon,Methylene Blue N,Methylthioninium Chloride,Urolene Blue,Blue 9, Basic,Blue N, Methylene,Blue, Methylene,Blue, Swiss,Blue, Urolene
D008928 Mitochondria Semiautonomous, self-reproducing organelles that occur in the cytoplasm of all cells of most, but not all, eukaryotes. Each mitochondrion is surrounded by a double limiting membrane. The inner membrane is highly invaginated, and its projections are called cristae. Mitochondria are the sites of the reactions of oxidative phosphorylation, which result in the formation of ATP. They contain distinctive RIBOSOMES, transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER); AMINO ACYL T RNA SYNTHETASES; and elongation and termination factors. Mitochondria depend upon genes within the nucleus of the cells in which they reside for many essential messenger RNAs (RNA, MESSENGER). Mitochondria are believed to have arisen from aerobic bacteria that established a symbiotic relationship with primitive protoeukaryotes. (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed) Mitochondrial Contraction,Mitochondrion,Contraction, Mitochondrial,Contractions, Mitochondrial,Mitochondrial Contractions
D004926 Escherichia coli A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc. Alkalescens-Dispar Group,Bacillus coli,Bacterium coli,Bacterium coli commune,Diffusely Adherent Escherichia coli,E coli,EAggEC,Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli,Enterococcus coli,Diffusely Adherent E. coli,Enteroaggregative E. coli,Enteroinvasive E. coli,Enteroinvasive Escherichia coli
D005347 Fibroblasts Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. Fibroblast
D006801 Humans Members of the species Homo sapiens. Homo sapiens,Man (Taxonomy),Human,Man, Modern,Modern Man
D014048 Tolonium Chloride A phenothiazine that has been used as a hemostatic, a biological stain, and a dye for wool and silk. Tolonium chloride has also been used as a diagnostic aid for oral and gastric neoplasms and in the identification of the parathyroid gland in thyroid surgery. Toluidine Blue O,CI-52040,Toluidine Blue,Blue O, Toluidine,Blue, Toluidine,CI 52040,CI52040,Chloride, Tolonium
D017319 Photosensitizing Agents Drugs that are pharmacologically inactive but when exposed to ultraviolet radiation or sunlight are converted to their active metabolite to produce a beneficial reaction affecting the diseased tissue. These compounds can be administered topically or systemically and have been used therapeutically to treat psoriasis and various types of neoplasms. Photosensitizer,Photosensitizers,Photosensitizing Agent,Photosensitizing Effect,Photosensitizing Effects,Agent, Photosensitizing,Agents, Photosensitizing,Effect, Photosensitizing,Effects, Photosensitizing
D054023 Lasers, Semiconductor Lasers with a semiconductor diode as the active medium. Diode lasers transform electric energy to light using the same principle as a light-emitting diode (LED), but with internal reflection capability, thus forming a resonator where a stimulated light can reflect back and forth, allowing only a certain wavelength to be emitted. The emission of a given device is determined by the active compound used (e.g., gallium arsenide crystals doped with aluminum or indium). Typical wavelengths are 810, 1,060 and 1,300 nm. (From UMDNS, 2005) Diode Lasers,Gallium Aluminum Arsenide Lasers,Gallium Arsenide Lasers,GaAlAs Lasers,GaAs Lasers,Lasers, GaAlAs,Lasers, GaAs,Lasers, Gallium Aluminum Arsenide,Lasers, Gallium Arsenide,Lasers, Quantum Cascade,Quantum Cascade Lasers,Semiconductor Diode Lasers,Arsenide Laser, Gallium,Arsenide Lasers, Gallium,Diode Laser,Diode Laser, Semiconductor,Diode Lasers, Semiconductor,GaAlAs Laser,GaAs Laser,Gallium Arsenide Laser,Laser, Diode,Laser, GaAlAs,Laser, GaAs,Laser, Gallium Arsenide,Laser, Quantum Cascade,Laser, Semiconductor,Laser, Semiconductor Diode,Lasers, Diode,Lasers, Semiconductor Diode,Quantum Cascade Laser,Semiconductor Diode Laser,Semiconductor Laser,Semiconductor Lasers
D055624 Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus A strain of Staphylococcus aureus that is non-susceptible to the action of METHICILLIN. The mechanism of resistance usually involves modification of normal or the presence of acquired PENICILLIN BINDING PROTEINS. MRSA,Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
D024901 Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial The ability of bacteria to resist or to become tolerant to several structurally and functionally distinct drugs simultaneously. This resistance may be acquired through gene mutation or foreign DNA in transmissible plasmids (R FACTORS). Drug Resistance, Extensive, Bacterial,Drug Resistance, Extensively, Bacterial,Extensive Antibacterial Drug Resistance,Extensively Antibacterial Drug Resistance,Multidrug Resistance, Bacterial,Multiple Antibacterial Drug Resistance,Bacterial Multidrug Resistance,Bacterial Multidrug Resistances,Resistance, Bacterial Multidrug

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