Biomaterial Database

Atherosclerotic risk factors, vascular cognitive impairment, and Alzheimer disease. 2012

Jason C Kovacic, and Valentin Fuster

The Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.

The involvement of vascular factors in Alzheimer dementia was first appreciated over 100 years ago. Recently, significant advances in our understanding of these brain-vascular relationships have taken place. Vascular cognitive impairment is now recognized as a distinct group of interrelated vascular-based neurological insults that can accumulate and lead to dementia. Importantly, the pathology of vascular cognitive impairment extends far beyond brain destruction wrought by major stroke. Other subtle changes may also arise that contribute to vascular cognitive impairment and dementia, including subclinical stroke, white-matter changes such as hyperintensities and lipohyalinosis, small lacunar infarcts, cerebral hypoperfusion, and compromise of the blood-brain barrier. In this review we critically examine the emerging body of evidence that relates atherosclerotic risk factors, brain functioning, and Alzheimer disease.

UI	MeSH Term	Description	Entries
D006973	Hypertension	Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.	Blood Pressure, High,Blood Pressures, High,High Blood Pressure,High Blood Pressures
D006333	Heart Failure	A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	Cardiac Failure,Heart Decompensation,Congestive Heart Failure,Heart Failure, Congestive,Heart Failure, Left-Sided,Heart Failure, Right-Sided,Left-Sided Heart Failure,Myocardial Failure,Right-Sided Heart Failure,Decompensation, Heart,Heart Failure, Left Sided,Heart Failure, Right Sided,Left Sided Heart Failure,Right Sided Heart Failure
D006801	Humans	Members of the species Homo sapiens.	Homo sapiens,Man (Taxonomy),Human,Man, Modern,Modern Man
D000544	Alzheimer Disease	A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)	Acute Confusional Senile Dementia,Alzheimer's Diseases,Dementia, Alzheimer Type,Dementia, Senile,Presenile Alzheimer Dementia,Senile Dementia, Alzheimer Type,Alzheimer Dementia,Alzheimer Disease, Early Onset,Alzheimer Disease, Late Onset,Alzheimer Sclerosis,Alzheimer Syndrome,Alzheimer Type Senile Dementia,Alzheimer's Disease,Alzheimer's Disease, Focal Onset,Alzheimer-Type Dementia (ATD),Dementia, Presenile,Dementia, Primary Senile Degenerative,Early Onset Alzheimer Disease,Familial Alzheimer Disease (FAD),Focal Onset Alzheimer's Disease,Late Onset Alzheimer Disease,Primary Senile Degenerative Dementia,Senile Dementia, Acute Confusional,Alzheimer Dementias,Alzheimer Disease, Familial (FAD),Alzheimer Diseases,Alzheimer Type Dementia,Alzheimer Type Dementia (ATD),Alzheimers Diseases,Dementia, Alzheimer,Dementia, Alzheimer-Type (ATD),Familial Alzheimer Diseases (FAD),Presenile Dementia,Sclerosis, Alzheimer,Senile Dementia
D012307	Risk Factors	An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, inborn or inherited characteristic, which, based on epidemiological evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.	Health Correlates,Risk Factor Scores,Risk Scores,Social Risk Factors,Population at Risk,Populations at Risk,Correlates, Health,Factor, Risk,Factor, Social Risk,Factors, Social Risk,Risk Factor,Risk Factor Score,Risk Factor, Social,Risk Factors, Social,Risk Score,Score, Risk,Score, Risk Factor,Social Risk Factor
D015140	Dementia, Vascular	An imprecise term referring to dementia associated with CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS, including CEREBRAL INFARCTION (single or multiple), and conditions associated with chronic BRAIN ISCHEMIA. Diffuse, cortical, and subcortical subtypes have been described. (From Gerontol Geriatr 1998 Feb;31(1):36-44)	Arteriosclerotic Dementia,Binswanger Disease,Encephalopathy, Binswanger,Leukoencephalopathy, Subcortical,Subcortical Arteriosclerotic Encephalopathy,Vascular Dementia,Acute Onset Vascular Dementia,Arteriosclerotic Encephalopathy, Subcortical,Binswanger Encephalopathy,Binswanger's Disease,Chronic Progressive Subcortical Encephalopathy,Encephalopathy, Binswanger's,Encephalopathy, Chronic Progressive Subcortical,Encephalopathy, Subcortical Arteriosclerotic,Encephalopathy, Subcortical, Chronic Progressive,Subcortical Encephalopathy, Chronic Progressive,Subcortical Leukoencephalopathy,Subcortical Vascular Dementia,Vascular Dementia, Acute Onset,Arteriosclerotic Dementias,Arteriosclerotic Encephalopathies, Subcortical,Binswanger's Encephalopathy,Binswangers Disease,Dementia, Arteriosclerotic,Dementia, Subcortical Vascular,Dementias, Arteriosclerotic,Dementias, Subcortical Vascular,Dementias, Vascular,Disease, Binswanger,Disease, Binswanger's,Encephalopathies, Subcortical Arteriosclerotic,Encephalopathy, Binswangers,Leukoencephalopathies, Subcortical,Subcortical Arteriosclerotic Encephalopathies,Subcortical Leukoencephalopathies,Subcortical Vascular Dementias,Vascular Dementia, Subcortical,Vascular Dementias,Vascular Dementias, Subcortical
D048909	Diabetes Complications	Conditions or pathological processes associated with the disease of diabetes mellitus. Due to the impaired control of BLOOD GLUCOSE level in diabetic patients, pathological processes develop in numerous tissues and organs including the EYE, the KIDNEY, the BLOOD VESSELS, and the NERVE TISSUE.	Complications of Diabetes Mellitus,Diabetes-Related Complications,Diabetic Complications,Diabetes Complication,Diabetes Mellitus Complication,Diabetes Mellitus Complications,Diabetes Related Complications,Diabetes-Related Complication,Diabetic Complication
D050197	Atherosclerosis	A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.	Atherogenesis,Atherogeneses,Atheroscleroses
D059345	Cerebral Small Vessel Diseases	Pathological processes or diseases where cerebral MICROVESSELS show abnormalities. They are often associated with aging, hypertension and risk factors for lacunar infarcts (see LACUNAR INFARCTION); LEUKOARAIOSIS; and CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE.	Cerebral Microangiopathies,Cerebral Small Vessel Disease,Cerebral Microangiopathy,Microangiopathies, Cerebral,Microangiopathy, Cerebral
D060825	Cognitive Dysfunction	Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function.	Cognitive Disorder,Mild Cognitive Impairment,Cognitive Decline,Cognitive Impairments,Mental Deterioration,Cognitive Declines,Cognitive Disorders,Cognitive Dysfunctions,Cognitive Impairment,Cognitive Impairment, Mild,Cognitive Impairments, Mild,Decline, Cognitive,Declines, Cognitive,Deterioration, Mental,Deteriorations, Mental,Disorder, Cognitive,Disorders, Cognitive,Dysfunction, Cognitive,Dysfunctions, Cognitive,Impairment, Cognitive,Impairment, Mild Cognitive,Impairments, Cognitive,Impairments, Mild Cognitive,Mental Deteriorations,Mild Cognitive Impairments