A nationwide survey on urolithiasis in Japan between 1965 through 1987 was carried out, succeeding the previous 1955 and 1966 studies, in an effort to evaluate chronological and geographical changes in urolithiasis among the Japanese people who are relatively racially homogenous and living with similar customs and habits, which have changed dramatically from the old Japanese to westernized modes in a very short period after the Second World War. Incidence of calcium-containing urinary stones in the upper urinary tract has been increasing in Japan since the Second World War with increasing westernization of life-style and industrialization, with the annual incidence of urolithiasis steadily increasing from 53.8/100,000 general population in 1965 to 92.5 in 1985. According to the data, 5.4% of the population may be expected to develop a urinary calculus at least once in their life time. Analysis of 69,949 stones obtained during the years from 1978 to 1987 with infrared analysis showed that 79.4% were calcium oxalate and/or calcium phosphate stones, 7.4% were struvite with or without carbonate apatite, 5.2% were uric acid or urate, and 1.0% were cystine. In the era of new treatment modalities such as the endourological surgery and the extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, open surgical treatments were replaced with new types of treatment in about 75% of the cases in 1985.