The purpose of this study was to examine variables related to breast self-examination (BSE) in rural women. The sample of convenience consisted of 347 women who were members of selected county-extension homemaker clubs. Champion's Health Belief Model Scale was used to measure susceptibility, seriousness, benefits, barriers, health motivation, sociodemographics, and knowledge variables and frequency of BSE. Multiple regression analysis indicated that the Health Belief Model concepts accounted for 26% of the variance in BSE practice. Women who perceived more benefits of BSE in reducing the severity of breast cancer were more likely to report more frequent BSE. Women who perceived fewer barriers to performing BSE and those who scored high on health motivation were also more likely to report performing monthly BSE. Pearson product-moment correlation indicated a significant positive relationship between the variables of BSE knowledge and BSE practice (r = 0.1216; p = 0.023). The lambda statistics showed weak or no association between the demographic variables of age, race, marital status, religion, education, personal experience with breast disease, and friend's experience with breast disease and BSE practice. These findings suggest that perhaps educational programs emphasizing benefits of BSE may be implemented for women represented in this sample in an attempt to increase the number of women practicing BSE. Assessment of women's perceptions of potential barriers would allow nurses to plan appropriate strategies that could reduce the barriers. Finally, assessment of women's general health practices may identify women motivated toward good health. These women may be likely to complete monthly BSE if encouraged to do so.