Automated NREM sleep staging using the electro-oculogram: a pilot study. 2012

Gary Garcia-Molina, and Farhad Abtahi, and Miguel Lagares-Lemos
Philips Research North America, USA. gary.garcia@philips.com

Automatic sleep staging from convenient and unobtrusive sensors has received considerable attention lately because this can enable a large range of potential applications in the clinical and consumer fields. In this paper the focus is on achieving non-REM (NREM) sleep staging from ocular electrodes. From these signals, specific patterns related to sleep such as slow eye movements, K-complexes, eye blinks, and spectral features are estimated. Although such patterns are characteristic of the Electroencephalogram, they can also be visible to a lesser extent on signals from ocular electrodes. Automatic sleep staging was implemented using two approaches: i) based on a state-machine and ii) using a neural network. The first one relied on the recommendations of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine, and the second one used a multilayer perceptron which was trained on manually sleep-staged data. Results were obtained on the data of five volunteers who participated in a nap experiment. Manual sleep staging of this data, performed by an expert, was used as reference. Five stages were considered, namely wake with eyes open, wake with eyes closed, and sleep stages N1, N2, and N3. The results were characterized in terms of confusion matrices from which the Cohen's κ coefficients were estimated. The values of κ for both the state-machine and neural-network based automatic sleep staging approaches were 0.79 and 0.59 respectively. Thus, the state-machine based approach shows a very good agreement with manual staging of sleep-data.

UI MeSH Term Description Entries
D008297 Male Males
D010363 Pattern Recognition, Automated In INFORMATION RETRIEVAL, machine-sensing or identification of visible patterns (shapes, forms, and configurations). (Harrod's Librarians' Glossary, 7th ed) Automated Pattern Recognition,Pattern Recognition System,Pattern Recognition Systems
D010865 Pilot Projects Small-scale tests of methods and procedures to be used on a larger scale if the pilot study demonstrates that these methods and procedures can work. Pilot Studies,Pilot Study,Pilot Project,Project, Pilot,Projects, Pilot,Studies, Pilot,Study, Pilot
D003936 Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted Application of computer programs designed to assist the physician in solving a diagnostic problem. Computer-Assisted Diagnosis,Computer Assisted Diagnosis,Computer-Assisted Diagnoses,Diagnoses, Computer-Assisted,Diagnosis, Computer Assisted
D004585 Electrooculography Recording of the average amplitude of the resting potential arising between the cornea and the retina in light and dark adaptation as the eyes turn a standard distance to the right and the left. The increase in potential with light adaptation is used to evaluate the condition of the retinal pigment epithelium. EOG,Electrooculograms,Electrooculogram
D005133 Eye Movements Voluntary or reflex-controlled movements of the eye. Eye Movement,Movement, Eye,Movements, Eye
D006801 Humans Members of the species Homo sapiens. Homo sapiens,Man (Taxonomy),Human,Man, Modern,Modern Man
D000328 Adult A person having attained full growth or maturity. Adults are of 19 through 44 years of age. For a person between 19 and 24 years of age, YOUNG ADULT is available. Adults
D000465 Algorithms A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. Algorithm
D012894 Sleep Stages Periods of sleep manifested by changes in EEG activity and certain behavioral correlates; they formerly included Stage 1: sleep onset, drowsy sleep; Stage 2: light sleep; Stages 3 and 4: delta sleep, light sleep, deep sleep, telencephalic sleep. In 2007, sleep stages were redefined by The American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) as: N1-N2 (sleep onset - light sleep), N3 (SLOW-WAVE SLEEP), and REM SLEEP. N1-Sleep,N2-Sleep,NREM Stage 1,NREM Stage 2,N1 Sleep,N2 Sleep,Sleep Stage,Stage, Sleep,Stages, Sleep

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