OBJECTIVE To evaluate the performance of reconstructed tissue-engineered human corneal endothelium (TE-HCE) by corneal transplantation in cat models. METHODS TE-HCE reconstruction was performed by culturing 1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (DiI)-labeled monoclonal HCE cells on denuded amniotic membranes (dAMs) in 20% fetal bovine serum-containing Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium/Ham's Nutrient Mixture F12 (1:1) medium and 5% CO(2) at 37 ° C on a 24-well culture plate. The reconstructed TE-HCE was transplanted into cat corneas via lamellar keratoplasty with all of the endothelium and part of Descemet's membrane stripped. Postsurgical corneas were monitored daily with their histological properties examined during a period of 104 days after transplantation. RESULTS The reconstructed TE-HCE at a density of 3,413.33 ± 111.23 cells/mm(2) in average established intense cell-cell and cell-dAM junctions. After lamellar keratoplasty surgery, no obvious edema was found in TE-HCE-transplanted cat corneas, which were transparent throughout the monitoring period. In contrast, intense corneal edema developed in dAM-transplanted cat corneas, which were turbid. The corneal thickness gradually decreased to 751.33 ± 11.37 μm on day 104 after TE-HCE transplantation, while that of dAM eye was over 1,000 μm in thickness during the monitoring period. A monolayer of endothelium consisting of TE-HCE-originated cells at a density of 2,573.33 ± 0.59 cells/mm(2) attached tightly to the surface of remnant Descemet's membrane over 104 days; this was similar to the normal eye control in cell density. CONCLUSIONS The reconstructed TE-HCE was able to function as a corneal endothelium equivalent and restore corneal function in cat models.