State-of-the-art of antituberculosis care of the rural population in the Ukrainian SSR can be defined by advances in phthisiology. However, social, living and demographic factors as well as remoteness of specialized care for the rural population make it less effective than that for urban population. It seems possible to improve the antituberculosis care of the rural population by taking a number of measures at the level of the USSR Ministry of Health (to modify specifications, to improve supply with materials and equipment at the district level (to set up inter-district dispensaries, to centrally manage mobile fluoroscopy units, etc.); to better use available diagnostic and treatment means; and to improve prevention activities made by the general-purpose health institutions.