1. The influence of internal and external Na concentrations on Ca movements have been measured in pinch-off presynaptic nerve terminals (synaptosomes). Ca uptake is enhanced when external Na (Nao) is replaced by Li, choline or dextrose, in Na-loaded synaptosomes. Depletion of internal Na (Nai) abolishes the stimulatory effect of external Na removal. 2. Ca uptake from Na-depleted media is proportional to [Na]i -2, and averages about 1-5 mumole Ca/g synaptosome protein per minute when [Na]i is approximately 137 mM. This may correspond to a Ca influx of about 0-1 p-mole/cm-2 sec. 3. External Na is a competitive inhibitor of the Nai-dependent Ca uptake. The interrelationship between [Na]o, [Ca]o and Ca uptake indicate that two external Na ions may compete with one Ca at each uptake site. 4. The distribution of particles with Nai-dependent Ca uptake activity parallels the distribution of synaptosomes in the preparative sucrose gradient. Thus, this Ca uptake activity is probably a property of the pinched-off nerve terminals per se, and not of the mitochondria which may contaminate the synaptosome fraction. 5. The Nai-dependent Ca uptake mechanism requires an intact surface membrane, since synaptosomes subjected to osmotic lysis lose the ability to accumulate Ca by this route. 6. Ca efflux into Ca-free media is largely dependent upon the presence of external Na. The curve relating Ca efflux to [Na]o is sigmoid, and suggests that more than one external Na ion (perhaps 2 or 3) is needed to activate the efflux of each Ca ion. 7. The net Ca gain exhibited by Na-loaded synaptosomes incubated in Na-depleted media can be accounted for by the increased Ca uptake and decreased Ca loss observed under these conditions. 8. Treatment of synaptosomes with cyanide or 2,4-dinitrophenol decreases Ca uptake and enhances Ca efflux into Na-containing media. This results in a net loss of Ca from the terminals, even in the presence of external Ca. 9. In contrast to the Ca efflux from synaptosomes, the Ca efflux from brain mitochondria is not dependent upon external Na, and is reduced by succinate, a substrate which is known to fuel mitochondrial respiration. 10. The temperature coefficient (Q10) of the Nai-dependent Ca uptake is about 3. 11. The Nai-dependent Ca uptake is reduced at low pH. The relationship between this Ca uptake and pH approximates a titration curve with a pKa of about 5-6. 12. The data indicate that Ca transport in rat brain presynaptic terminals may involve a carrier-mediated Na-Ca exchange mechanism, and that some of the energy required for Ca extrusion may come from the Na electrochemical gradient across the surface membranes.