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The role of glutathione (GSH) in resistance to cisplatin (CDDP) was studied in a human small cell lung carcinoma cell line (GLC4) and a CDDP-resistant subline (GLC4-CDDP). In addition to studying the steady state of GSH, the kinetics of this defence system were also studied via the monitoring of the GSH status of the cells under continuous pressure of CDDP. GLC4-CDDP maintained its elevated GSH level whereas GLC4 (under pressure of CDDP) quickly synthesised GSH to about twice its initial level, corresponding with 80% of the GSH level of GLC4-CDDP. D,L-buthionine-S,R-sulphoximine (BSO) was used to analyse the role of GSH in resistance to CDDP. Pretreatment with BSO (48 h, 50 microM, GSH not detectable) increased the CDDP-induced cytotoxicity 2.8-fold in GLC4-CDDP and 1.7-fold in GLC4. In GLC4 no changes in the amount of platinum (Pt) bound to DNA could be observed after GSH depletion. Changes in formation of interstrand cross-links or the main Pt-containing intrastrand cross-link in digested DNA, the Pt-GG adduct, were also not observed. In GSH depleted GLC4-CDDP cells, an increase in the amount of Pt bound to DNA and in the Pt-GG adduct was observed. Pretreatment with BSO substantially reduced the repair of Pt bound to DNA in both cell lines. We conclude that an increased GSH level and GSH synthesis capacity were demonstrated in CDDP resistant cells. The observations after BSO treatment suggest two roles for GSH in CDDP resistance, namely that of a cytosolic elimination resulting in less DNA platination and a nuclear effect on the formation and repair of DNA platinum adducts.
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