The neural correlates of gap detection were examined in a population of single auditory nerve fibers in the chinchilla. Acoustic stimuli consisted of 120 ms noise bursts (30-80 dB SPL) which contained silent intervals (gaps: 1, 2, 3, 4,5, 6 and 10 ms) at the midpoint. The neural response to the gap was quantified by the modulation index, (MAX-MIN)/AVE, which accounts for the steady state discharge rate before the gap (AVE), the minimum firing rate during the gap (MIN), and the maximum firing rate after the gap (MAX). In general, the modulation index increased as a function of gap width and stimulus level. Furthermore, there was a positive correlation between the modulation index and the characteristic frequency of the fiber. To estimate how detection could be based on the neuronal response, a criterion-free measure, analogous to d'. was calculated using z-scores obtained from the distributions of modulation index values collected before and during the gap and used to predict percent correct values for chinchilla psychophysical studies. The values increased with gap duration in a sigmoidal manner much like the psychometric functions in the chinchilla. In general, the neural gap thresholds obtained approximated those obtained psychophysically, although they were less affected by stimulus level.