Biomaterial Database

Metabolic responses to controlled frequency breathing in competitive swimmers. 1990

G P Town, and J M Vanness

Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Wheaton College, IL 60187.

The purpose of the study was to compare the blood lactate accumulation and other metabolic responses by trained swimmers with varying degrees of controlled frequency breathing (CFB). Fourteen (eight males, six females) trained collegiate swimmers performed peak and submaximal tethered swim tests during which breathing was restricted to one breath every two (BR2), four (BR4), six (BR6) (N = 13), and eight (BR8) (N = 9) strokes. All submaximal swim tests were of 4-min duration, with tethered swim resistance at a constant 80% of peak resistance. Measures included oxygen uptake (VO2), carbon dioxide production (VCO2), tidal volume (TV), ventilation (VE), estimated alveolar partial pressure of O2 (PAO2) and CO2 (PACO2), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), stroke rate (SR), heart rate (HR), and change in blood lactates (delta LA). Significant differences were associated with increases in CFB for all variables except HR and delta LA. Although CFB was associated with reduced VE, compensatory adaptations resulted in increases in TV, PACO2, and SR and decreases in PAO2 and RER. VCO2 was greater for BR2 than all others, and VO2 for BR2 was greater than BR8. The results indicate that CFB does not affect blood lactate accumulation but does enhance oxygen extraction. CFB may impede proper stroke mechanics.

UI	MeSH Term	Description	Entries
D007773	Lactates	Salts or esters of LACTIC ACID containing the general formula CH3CHOHCOOR.
D008297	Male		Males
D010101	Oxygen Consumption	The rate at which oxygen is used by a tissue; microliters of oxygen STPD used per milligram of tissue per hour; the rate at which oxygen enters the blood from alveolar gas, equal in the steady state to the consumption of oxygen by tissue metabolism throughout the body. (Stedman, 25th ed, p346)	Consumption, Oxygen,Consumptions, Oxygen,Oxygen Consumptions
D011659	Pulmonary Gas Exchange	The exchange of OXYGEN and CARBON DIOXIDE between alveolar air and pulmonary capillary blood that occurs across the BLOOD-AIR BARRIER.	Exchange, Pulmonary Gas,Gas Exchange, Pulmonary
D012119	Respiration	The act of breathing with the LUNGS, consisting of INHALATION, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of EXHALATION, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more CARBON DIOXIDE than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (	Breathing
D002986	Clinical Trials as Topic	Works about pre-planned studies of the safety, efficacy, or optimum dosage schedule (if appropriate) of one or more diagnostic, therapeutic, or prophylactic drugs, devices, or techniques selected according to predetermined criteria of eligibility and observed for predefined evidence of favorable and unfavorable effects. This concept includes clinical trials conducted both in the U.S. and in other countries.	Clinical Trial as Topic
D005082	Physical Exertion	Expenditure of energy during PHYSICAL ACTIVITY. Intensity of exertion may be measured by rate of OXYGEN CONSUMPTION; HEAT produced, or HEART RATE. Perceived exertion, a psychological measure of exertion, is included.	Physical Effort,Effort, Physical,Efforts, Physical,Exertion, Physical,Exertions, Physical,Physical Efforts,Physical Exertions
D005260	Female		Females
D006339	Heart Rate	The number of times the HEART VENTRICLES contract per unit of time, usually per minute.	Cardiac Rate,Chronotropism, Cardiac,Heart Rate Control,Heartbeat,Pulse Rate,Cardiac Chronotropy,Cardiac Chronotropism,Cardiac Rates,Chronotropy, Cardiac,Control, Heart Rate,Heart Rates,Heartbeats,Pulse Rates,Rate Control, Heart,Rate, Cardiac,Rate, Heart,Rate, Pulse
D006801	Humans	Members of the species Homo sapiens.	Homo sapiens,Man (Taxonomy),Human,Man, Modern,Modern Man