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A spinal cord injury leads to disturbances of sensory and motor signals due to the damage to white matter and myelinated fiber tracts. Moreover, the damage to gray matter causes segmental loss of interneurons of dorsal horn and motoneurons and restricts the therapeutic options. Neuroprotective strategies have the potential to improve the neurological outcome of patients. To achieve this, concerns to anesthetics or analgesics as neuroprotective interventions have been accumulating to explore neuroprotection during perioperative period. This review includes consideration of: 1) basic concepts of the pathophysiological mechanisms following spinal cord injury and 2) anesthetics and analgesics displaying neuroprotective potential. In particular, we review the application of isoflurane as an inhalational neuroprotectant and discuss evidence for the neuroprotection provided by barbiturates. In addition, 3) recent advances in stem cell biology, neural injury and repair, and progress toward the development of neuroprotective and regenerative interventions are the basis for increased optimism.
T Ishikawa, and
H Suzuki, and
K Ishikawa, and
S Yasuda, and
T Matsui, and
M Yamamoto, and
T Kakeda, and
S Yamamoto, and
Y Owada, and
T L Yaksh
May 1971,
Journal of neurosurgery,
T Ishikawa, and
H Suzuki, and
K Ishikawa, and
S Yasuda, and
T Matsui, and
M Yamamoto, and
T Kakeda, and
S Yamamoto, and
Y Owada, and
T L Yaksh
November 2013,
The International journal of neuroscience,
T Ishikawa, and
H Suzuki, and
K Ishikawa, and
S Yasuda, and
T Matsui, and
M Yamamoto, and
T Kakeda, and
S Yamamoto, and
Y Owada, and
T L Yaksh
January 2021,
Neuromodulation : journal of the International Neuromodulation Society,
T Ishikawa, and
H Suzuki, and
K Ishikawa, and
S Yasuda, and
T Matsui, and
M Yamamoto, and
T Kakeda, and
S Yamamoto, and
Y Owada, and
T L Yaksh
November 2022,
Basic research in cardiology,
T Ishikawa, and
H Suzuki, and
K Ishikawa, and
S Yasuda, and
T Matsui, and
M Yamamoto, and
T Kakeda, and
S Yamamoto, and
Y Owada, and
T L Yaksh
March 2021,
Der Radiologe,
T Ishikawa, and
H Suzuki, and
K Ishikawa, and
S Yasuda, and
T Matsui, and
M Yamamoto, and
T Kakeda, and
S Yamamoto, and
Y Owada, and
T L Yaksh
January 2004,
Journal of neuroradiology = Journal de neuroradiologie,
T Ishikawa, and
H Suzuki, and
K Ishikawa, and
S Yasuda, and
T Matsui, and
M Yamamoto, and
T Kakeda, and
S Yamamoto, and
Y Owada, and
T L Yaksh
November 2020,
Neural regeneration research,
T Ishikawa, and
H Suzuki, and
K Ishikawa, and
S Yasuda, and
T Matsui, and
M Yamamoto, and
T Kakeda, and
S Yamamoto, and
Y Owada, and
T L Yaksh
July 2015,
The Annals of thoracic surgery,
T Ishikawa, and
H Suzuki, and
K Ishikawa, and
S Yasuda, and
T Matsui, and
M Yamamoto, and
T Kakeda, and
S Yamamoto, and
Y Owada, and
T L Yaksh
April 2015,
Journal of cardiothoracic and vascular anesthesia,
T Ishikawa, and
H Suzuki, and
K Ishikawa, and
S Yasuda, and
T Matsui, and
M Yamamoto, and
T Kakeda, and
S Yamamoto, and
Y Owada, and
T L Yaksh
November 2001,
FEBS letters,
