Homogeneous nucleation of predominantly cubic ice confined in nanoporous alumina. 2015

Yasuhito Suzuki, and Hatice Duran, and Martin Steinhart, and Michael Kappl, and Hans-Jürgen Butt, and George Floudas
Max-Planck Institute for Polymer Research , 55128 Mainz, Germany.

The nucleation mechanism of water can be precisely regulated by confinement within nanoporous alumina. We found a transition from heterogeneous nucleation of hexagonal ice (Ih) to homogeneous nucleation of predominantly cubic ice (Ic) with decreasing pore diameter. These results lead to a phase diagram of water under confinement. It contains a (stable) predominant Ic form, a form known to exist only in the upper atmosphere. Possible applications range from cryopreservation to construction materials like cement.

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