Development of nonionic contrast media. 1985

T Almén

In this brief history, the author reviews the observations that led to his developing a nonionic contrast medium. Current knowledge suggested that if a water-soluble medium could be made isotonic to human plasma, it would cause less pain and toxicity than the ionic media then in use. The principles and design of such a medium are discussed, as well as the subsequent chemical development and testing in animal models of first generation (metrizamide) and second generation (iohexol) nonionic media. Iohexol, which is described as a nonionic, monomeric ratio 3 contrast medium, was selected for clinical testing from among competing substances due to its low toxicity in a number of animal models. The results from these experimental models predicted that iohexol would cause fewer and less severe adverse reactions in clinical use than ionic ratio 1.5 media.

UI MeSH Term Description Entries
D007463 Iodobenzoates Benzoic acid esters or salts substituted with one or more iodine atoms. Iodobenzoic Acids,Acids, Iodobenzoic
D007472 Iohexol An effective non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiographic procedures. Its low systemic toxicity is the combined result of low chemotoxicity and low osmolality. Compound 545,Exypaque,Iohexol 350,Nycodenz,Omnipaque
D007479 Iopamidol A non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiological procedures. B-15,000,B-15000,Gastromiro,Iopamidol, (+-)-Isomer,Iopamidol, (R)-Isomer,Iopamidol, Sodium Salt, (S)-Isomer,Iopamiro,Isovue,Isovue 370,Jopamidol,Niopam,SQ 13,396,Solutrast,Solutrast 370,Solutrast Gastro,B 15,000,B 15000,B15,000,B15000
D007483 Iothalamic Acid A contrast medium in diagnostic radiology with properties similar to those of diatrizoic acid. It is used primarily as its sodium and meglumine (IOTHALAMATE MEGLUMINE) salts. Iotalamic Acid,Methalamic Acid,Angio-Conray,Conray 420,Iodothalamate,Iothalamate,Iothalamic Acid, Calcium (2:1) Salt,Iothalamic Acid, Monosilver (1+) Salt,Iothalamic Acid, Monosodium Salt,Iothalamic Acid, Monosodium Salt, Dimer,Lopamidol,Sodium Iothalamate,Acid, Iotalamic,Acid, Iothalamic,Acid, Methalamic,Angio Conray,AngioConray,Iothalamate, Sodium
D007668 Kidney Body organ that filters blood for the secretion of URINE and that regulates ion concentrations. Kidneys
D008793 Metrizamide A solute for density gradient centrifugation offering higher maximum solution density without the problems of increased viscosity. It is also used as a resorbable, non-ionic contrast medium. Amipak,Amipaque
D011651 Pulmonary Artery The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. Arteries, Pulmonary,Artery, Pulmonary,Pulmonary Arteries
D011654 Pulmonary Edema Excessive accumulation of extravascular fluid in the lung, an indication of a serious underlying disease or disorder. Pulmonary edema prevents efficient PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE in the PULMONARY ALVEOLI, and can be life-threatening. Wet Lung,Edema, Pulmonary,Edemas, Pulmonary,Pulmonary Edemas,Lung, Wet,Lungs, Wet,Wet Lungs
D001794 Blood Pressure PRESSURE of the BLOOD on the ARTERIES and other BLOOD VESSELS. Systolic Pressure,Diastolic Pressure,Pulse Pressure,Pressure, Blood,Pressure, Diastolic,Pressure, Pulse,Pressure, Systolic,Pressures, Systolic
D002490 Central Nervous System The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. Cerebrospinal Axis,Axi, Cerebrospinal,Axis, Cerebrospinal,Central Nervous Systems,Cerebrospinal Axi,Nervous System, Central,Nervous Systems, Central,Systems, Central Nervous

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