BACKGROUND The long-term course of schizophrenia is often characterized by relapses, induced by poor medication adherence. Early nonadherence after discharge is frequent. OBJECTIVE To evaluate a skills-based inpatient training program for medication intake. METHODS We developed a manual-based inpatient medication training program to be carried out by nurses and focusing on practical skills enabling autonomous intake of medication. Medication adherence was measured by three different methods: pill count, determination of serum levels, and self-assessment by the patient. The raters were blinded. RESULTS Four weeks after discharge, 98% of the patients in the intervention group (N=52) were rated as adherent by pill count versus 76% in the control group (N=50; P<0.01). By measurement of serum level, 88.5% versus 70% were adherent (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS The inpatient medication training program carried out by nurses seems to be an effective intervention for enhancing medication adherence after hospital discharge.