Survival after surgical repair for complete atrioventricular septal defect (CAVSD) has improved, but patients are at risk for reoperation to address left atrioventricular valve regurgitation and left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. We examined the long-term survival, need for reoperation, and associated risk factors after CAVSD repair at our institution. Between 1974 and 2000, a total of 198 patients underwent surgical repair for CAVSD. Of these, 178 patients survived to hospital discharge, of whom 153 (86%) had available follow-up data at a median postoperative time point of 17.2 years (range: 2 months to 38.1 years). Overall perioperative mortality was 10.1%, with a significant decrease to 2.9% in the late surgical era: 1991 to 2000 (P < .001). The overall estimated survival for the entire cohort was 85% at 10 years, 82% at 20 years, and 71% at 30 years after initial CAVSD repair. Requiring a reoperation after initial CAVSD repair was a risk factor for late mortality (P = .04). The estimated freedom from reoperation was 88% at 10 years, 83% at 20 years, and 78% at 30 years after initial CAVSD repair. Indications for reoperation included left atrioventricular valve regurgitation in 14 patients (7.1%) and left ventricular outflow obstruction in 7 patients (3.5%). Long-term survival after repair of CAVSD remains good. However, the need for reoperation is common and affects long-term survival after CAVSD repair.