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Photocopiers emit high levels of nanoparticles (PM0.1). To-date little is known of physicochemical composition of PM0.1 in real workplace settings. Here we perform a comprehensive physicochemical and morphological characterization of PM0.1 and raw materials (toners and paper) at eight commercial photocopy centers that use color and monochrome photocopiers over the course of a full week. We document high PM0.1 exposures with complex composition and several ENM in toners and PM0.1. Daily geometric mean PM0.1 concentrations ranged from 3700 to 34000 particles/cubic-centimeter (particles/cm(3)) (GSD 1.4-3.3), up to 12 times greater than background, with transient peaks >1.4 million particles/cm(3). PM0.1 contained 6-63% organic carbon, <1% elemental carbon, and 2-8% metals, including iron, zinc, titania, chromium, nickel and manganese, typically in the <0.01-1% range, and in agreement with toner composition. These findings document widespread ENM in toner formulations and high nanoparticle exposures are an industry-wide phenomenon. It further calls attention to the need to substantially redesign the interface of this technology with workers and consumers.
John Martin, and
Dhimiter Bello, and
Kristin Bunker, and
Martin Shafer, and
David Christiani, and
Susan Woskie, and
Philip Demokritou
June 2000,
Environmental research,
John Martin, and
Dhimiter Bello, and
Kristin Bunker, and
Martin Shafer, and
David Christiani, and
Susan Woskie, and
Philip Demokritou
February 2020,
Environmental science & technology,
John Martin, and
Dhimiter Bello, and
Kristin Bunker, and
Martin Shafer, and
David Christiani, and
Susan Woskie, and
Philip Demokritou
January 2008,
The Israel Medical Association journal : IMAJ,
John Martin, and
Dhimiter Bello, and
Kristin Bunker, and
Martin Shafer, and
David Christiani, and
Susan Woskie, and
Philip Demokritou
April 2022,
Current opinion in allergy and clinical immunology,
John Martin, and
Dhimiter Bello, and
Kristin Bunker, and
Martin Shafer, and
David Christiani, and
Susan Woskie, and
Philip Demokritou
January 2010,
Medycyna pracy,
John Martin, and
Dhimiter Bello, and
Kristin Bunker, and
Martin Shafer, and
David Christiani, and
Susan Woskie, and
Philip Demokritou
January 1980,
Residue reviews,
John Martin, and
Dhimiter Bello, and
Kristin Bunker, and
Martin Shafer, and
David Christiani, and
Susan Woskie, and
Philip Demokritou
January 2014,
Medycyna pracy,
John Martin, and
Dhimiter Bello, and
Kristin Bunker, and
Martin Shafer, and
David Christiani, and
Susan Woskie, and
Philip Demokritou
July 2004,
The Annals of occupational hygiene,
John Martin, and
Dhimiter Bello, and
Kristin Bunker, and
Martin Shafer, and
David Christiani, and
Susan Woskie, and
Philip Demokritou
February 2006,
Environmental research,
John Martin, and
Dhimiter Bello, and
Kristin Bunker, and
Martin Shafer, and
David Christiani, and
Susan Woskie, and
Philip Demokritou
March 2018,
Nanotoxicology,
