The following factors were found to contribute to survival rate of 5 years and longer in the patients with transplanted cadaver kidneys: patients' age of 20 to 40, a non-autoimmune nature of the underlying disease (chronic pyelonephritis and renal polycystosis), hemodialysis treatment for not longer than 6 months, and 4-5 preoperative blood transfusions. A good initial status of the recipients, no presensitization, and HLA histocompatibility of the donor and recipient for 3-4 A and B loci are the necessary conditions for prolonged survival of kidney transplants and patients. Programmed hemodialysis is preferable for the patients with a high sensitization, for no long survivals were recorded among them, high mortality rate being registered within the first two years after kidney allotransplantation.