Thyroid Radiation Dose and Other Risk Factors of Thyroid Carcinoma Following Childhood Cancer. 2015

Florent de Vathaire, and Nadia Haddy, and Rodrigue S Allodji, and Mike Hawkins, and Catherine Guibout, and Chiraz El-Fayech, and Cécile Teinturier, and Odile Oberlin, and Hélène Pacquement, and Fara Diop, and Amar Kalhouche, and Mohamedamine Benadjaoud, and David Winter, and Angela Jackson, and Giao Bezin Mai-Quynh, and Aymen Benabdennebi, and Damien Llanas, and Cristina Veres, and Martine Munzer, and Tan Dat Nguyen, and Pierre-Yves Bondiau, and Delphine Berchery, and Anne Laprie, and Eric Deutsch, and Dimitri Lefkopoulos, and Martin Schlumberger, and Ibrahima Diallo, and Carole Rubino
Radiation Epidemiology Group (F.d.V., N.H., R.S.A., C.G., C.E.-F., C.T., F.D., A.K., M.B., A.J., G.B.M.-Q., A.B., D.L., C.V., I.D., C.R.), INSERM U1018 Villejuif, F-94805, France; Institut Gustave Roussy (F.d.V., N.H., R.S.A., C.G., C.E.-F., C.T., O.O., F.D., A.K., M.B., A.J., G.B.M.-Q., A.B., D.L., C.V., E.D., D.L., M.S., I.D., C.R.), Villejuif, F-94805, France; Université Paris-Sud (F.d.V., N.H., R.S.A., C.G., C.E.-F., C.T., O.O., F.D., A.K., M.B., A.J., G.B.M.-Q., A.B., D.L., C.V., E.D., M.S., I.D., C.R.), Villejuif, F-94800, France; Centre for Childhood Cancer Survivor Studies, Department of Public Health & Epidemiology (M.H., D.W.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Institut Curie (H.P.), Paris F-75005 Paris, France; Institut Jean Godinot (M.M., T.D.N.), F-51092 Reims, France; Centre Antoine Lacassagne (P.-Y.B.), F-06100 Nice, France; and Centre Claudius Régaud (D.B., A.L.), F-51100 Toulouse, France.

BACKGROUND Thyroid carcinoma is a frequent complication of childhood cancer radiotherapy. The dose response to thyroid radiation dose is now well established, but the potential modifier effect of other factors requires additional investigation. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the role of potential modifiers of the dose response. METHODS We followed a cohort of 4338 5-year survivors of solid childhood cancer treated before 1986 over an average of 27 years. The dose received by the thyroid gland and some other anatomical sites during radiotherapy was estimated after reconstruction of the actual conditions in which irradiation was delivered. RESULTS Fifty-five patients developed thyroid carcinoma. The risk of thyroid carcinoma increased with a radiation dose to the thyroid of up to two tenths of Gy, then leveled off for higher doses. When taking into account the thyroid radiation dose, a surgical or radiological splenectomy (>20 Gy to the spleen) increased thyroid cancer risk (relative risk [RR] = 2.3; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.3-4.0), high radiation doses (>5 Gy) to pituitary gland lowered this risk (RR = 0.2; 95% CI, 0.1-0.6). Patients who received nitrosourea chemotherapy had a 6.6-fold (95% CI, 2.5-15.7) higher risk than those who did not. The excess RR per Gy of radiation to the thyroid was 4.7 (95% CI, 1.7-22.6). It was 7.6 (95% CI, 1.6-33.3) if body mass index at time of interview was equal or higher than 25 kg/m(2), and 4.1 (95% CI, 0.9-17.7) if not (P for interaction = .1). CONCLUSIONS Predicting thyroid cancer risk following childhood cancer radiation therapy probably requires the assessment of more than just the radiation dose to the thyroid. Chemotherapy, splenectomy, radiation dose to pituitary gland, and obesity also play a role.

UI MeSH Term Description Entries
D007223 Infant A child between 1 and 23 months of age. Infants
D007231 Infant, Newborn An infant during the first 28 days after birth. Neonate,Newborns,Infants, Newborn,Neonates,Newborn,Newborn Infant,Newborn Infants
D009381 Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced Tumors, cancer or other neoplasms produced by exposure to ionizing or non-ionizing radiation. Radiation-Induced Cancer,Cancer, Radiation-Induced,Radiation-Induced Neoplasms,Cancer, Radiation Induced,Cancers, Radiation-Induced,Neoplasm, Radiation-Induced,Neoplasms, Radiation Induced,Radiation Induced Cancer,Radiation Induced Neoplasms,Radiation-Induced Cancers,Radiation-Induced Neoplasm
D009607 Nitrosourea Compounds A class of compounds in which the core molecule is R-NO, where R is UREA. Compounds, Nitrosourea
D009765 Obesity A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).
D010902 Pituitary Gland A small, unpaired gland situated in the SELLA TURCICA. It is connected to the HYPOTHALAMUS by a short stalk which is called the INFUNDIBULUM. Hypophysis,Hypothalamus, Infundibular,Infundibular Stalk,Infundibular Stem,Infundibulum (Hypophysis),Infundibulum, Hypophyseal,Pituitary Stalk,Hypophyseal Infundibulum,Hypophyseal Stalk,Hypophysis Cerebri,Infundibulum,Cerebri, Hypophysis,Cerebrus, Hypophysis,Gland, Pituitary,Glands, Pituitary,Hypophyseal Stalks,Hypophyses,Hypophysis Cerebrus,Infundibular Hypothalamus,Infundibular Stalks,Infundibulums,Pituitary Glands,Pituitary Stalks,Stalk, Hypophyseal,Stalk, Infundibular,Stalks, Hypophyseal,Stalks, Infundibular
D011829 Radiation Dosage The amount of radiation energy that is deposited in a unit mass of material, such as tissues of plants or animal. In RADIOTHERAPY, radiation dosage is expressed in gray units (Gy). In RADIOLOGIC HEALTH, the dosage is expressed by the product of absorbed dose (Gy) and quality factor (a function of linear energy transfer), and is called radiation dose equivalent in sievert units (Sv). Sievert Units,Dosage, Radiation,Gray Units,Gy Radiation,Sv Radiation Dose Equivalent,Dosages, Radiation,Radiation Dosages,Units, Gray,Units, Sievert
D011878 Radiotherapy The use of IONIZING RADIATION to treat malignant NEOPLASMS and some benign conditions. Radiotherapy, Targeted,Targeted Radiotherapy,Radiation Therapy,Radiation Therapy, Targeted,Radiation Treatment,Targeted Radiation Therapy,Radiation Therapies,Radiation Therapies, Targeted,Radiation Treatments,Radiotherapies,Radiotherapies, Targeted,Targeted Radiation Therapies,Targeted Radiotherapies,Therapies, Radiation,Therapies, Targeted Radiation,Therapy, Radiation,Therapy, Targeted Radiation,Treatment, Radiation
D002648 Child A person 6 to 12 years of age. An individual 2 to 5 years old is CHILD, PRESCHOOL. Children
D002675 Child, Preschool A child between the ages of 2 and 5. Children, Preschool,Preschool Child,Preschool Children

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